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CBSE

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Have you heard of the scientist who ran naked on the road, shouting 'Eureka'? Want to know more about his discoveries that made him forget himself? Go visit our resourceful 3D library and learn more.

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Did you know, when bunjee jumping, a person undergoes simple harmonic motion? Learn more about this is this awesome unit which is loaded with 3D included, interactive study guides and simulations.

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Enter the fascinating world of magnets with our popular 3D models. Our easy-to-read study guides explain complex concepts in a super simple way!

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Check out our rich interactive study guides and 3D models, to learn the physics of basketball, golf, javellin throw, and any other topic related to motion in 2D!

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These study guides extensively cover the differnt concepts of optical physics, they are supported with a bunch of almost real looking interactive 3D models, ray diagrams and simulations too. 

Why is the wheel always circular? Why wasnt it designed as a square or a traingle? Let's use Inspirit's extensive 3D rich library to learn more.

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AP Bio

CBSE Bio

General Chemistry

General Bio

General Physics 

Biology

Chemistry

Physics

Model Build for Old Breakable Models

Ovaries

Studying for the AP exams can be stressful, and the overload of information can be overwhelming. Our AP Biology study guides are designed to structure your study session around crucial information that you need to ace your test. These guides cover important AP Bio concepts per unit, while also providing supporting VR-based classrooms and study sessions on the Inspirit App!

General

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Deep dive into the human body and the organized and efficient human organ system. Let's learn about all this with the help of the following study guides and supporting 3D models.

Learn about human and plant reproduction with our interactive 3D models and study guides.

Are GMOs good for human health? Is this fear unfounded? Understand the science and application of genetic engineering with our detailed study guides and interactive 3D models.

## Introduction 

Food is necessary for the development and survival of all living things. To meet the needs of a growing population, we need to increase food production. State-of-the-art technologies such as plant breeding, animal breeding, tissue culture, genetic engineering, and embryo transfer have increased yields many times. Let’s study  the different strategies for enhancement in food production. 

---

## Animal Husbandry 

__Animal Husbandry__ is a practice used to raise livestock such as buffalo, cow, sheep, pigs, etc. This includes poultry farming and fishing.  Dairy farm management and poultry farm management are necessary to select excellent breeds with high yield potential and disease-resistant breeds. 

![animal husbandry](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/3OYicTIOZJG1P6CkdoKGO/c6488c3c28033da205985bb964a6269f/1589565650-1045.jpg)
[Source](https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-to-avail-kcc-to-more-livestock-dairy-farmers-animal-husbandry-secy-121020401961_1.html)

---

### Animal Breeding

__Breeds__ are a group of animals of the same species related to their ancestors and share common characteristics and appearance. Controlled breeding studies are carried out to address several issues that arise during regular mating. Control breeding is accomplished using artificial insemination, and semen can be utilized right away or frozen and transferred for later use.

There are two types of breeding: inbreeding and outbreeding. Let's talk about each in detail below.

### Inbreeding

__Inbreeding__ refers to four to six generations of breeding between males and females of the same breed. Superior males and females are chosen and matched for this reason. 

![inbreeding](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6RAKpeOtIpX7kouZbe40wc/7aad4746fd7da74e08992a3c47e85b97/75350_evo_resources_resource_image_430_original.gif)
[Source](https://evolution.berkeley.edu/teach-resources/inbreeding-depression/)

Inbreeding encourages homozygosity and is necessary for the evolution of pure lines or genuine breeding species, as in Mendel's experiment. 
Inbreeding eliminates undesired genes while increasing the number of excellent genes. 

Continuous inbreeding causes __Inbreeding Depression__. Here, production and fertility decline but may be restored by mating with superior animals who are unrelated. 

### Outbreeding

__Outbreeding__ refers to the mating of animals who are not related. There are three varieties of this: out-crossing, cross-breeding, and interspecific hybridization.

__Out-crossing__ is the mating of animals of the same breed who haven't shared an ancestor in a few generations. This aids in the treatment of depression caused by inbreeding. 

__Cross-breeding__ allows two breeds' excellent qualities to be combined. Superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed for this reason. 

  - Hisardale is a new breed of sheep that has been established in Punjab as a result of crossbreeding of Marino rams (males) and Bikaneri ewes (females). 

__Interspecific hybridization__ is the cross-breeding of two related but not identical species. 

  - A example of this is the mule, which is a cross between a male donkey and a female horse.  

---

### MOET

![moet](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/hcIpS9l3UqB5oNWZla32l/269328e13b11dbea35e52a33fed77add/Embryo-Transfer-credit-BBC.gif)

[Source](https://tunza.eco-generation.org/ambassadorReportView.jsp?viewID=45946)

__Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology__ (MOET) improves the odds of successful hybridization. Let's use the cow in the above picture as an example.

To encourage follicular maturation, a cow is administered hormones equivalent to FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone). Compared to a typical cycle, this leads to more (6-8) eggs. The fertilized eggs (at the stage of 8-32 cells) are transferred to surrogate moms after mating or artificial insemination with the sperm of an elite bull. 

---

### Fisheries

![fisheries](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/7BwtvQ9qzLTX8kj2YGcfzt/a296478f7f224c5a5ca66dd7c0a7c932/1sofia-PO_TUR_20200316_018.jpg)
[Source](https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1279179/icode/)

- A __Fishery__ is a site where the capturing, processing, and selling of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic creatures occurs. 

- Catla, rohu, and common carp are the most prevalent freshwater fish bred in fisheries. Hilsa, sardines, mackerel, and pomfrets are all common marine fish found in fisheries as well. 

- Aquaculture and pisciculture are two approaches that have been used to boost productivity. 

- __Aquaculture__ is the practice of commercially breeding and producing aquatic flora (fish, mollusks, crustaceans) and fauna (aquatic plants and algae). Intensive aquaculture occurs in ponds and tanks, whereas extensive aquaculture takes place in seas, rivers, or lakes. 

- __Pisciculture__ is the growing of fish to produce edible fish and fish products. Different fishes are cultivated together in polyculture, and different species are cultivated separately in monoculture. 

---

### Beekeeping (Apiculture)

![beekeeping](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/5bPudkdYGnvBzVCd6tPU0O/10181ff32f0e8c8c6f395a8a9b0d0ebe/beekeeper.jpg)
[Source](https://beewellhoneyfarm.com/you-want-to-be-a-beekeeper-now-what/)

- __Beekeeping__, also known as apiculture, is the practice of keeping honeybee colonies in order to produce honey. Honey is a nutrient-dense food that is also used in traditional medicine. Beeswax is also produced in this process. Apis indica is the most prevalent honey bee species found in apiculture. 

The following considerations are critical for beekeeping success: 

- Understanding the nature and habits of bees is essential. 

- Choosing an appropriate place for the beehives 

- Swarm catching and hiving 

- Managing beehives at different times of the year 

- Honey and beeswax handling and gathering 

- Maintaining beehives in agriculture fields boosts pollination efficiency and productivity during the flowering season.

---

## ✅ Conclusion

- Biological principles are used in livestock and plant breeding to meet the food demands of growing populations. 

- Dairy farm management and poultry farm management are necessary to select excellent breeds with high yield potential and disease-resistant breeds. 

- Breeds are a group of animals of the same species related to their ancestors and share common characteristics and appearance.  

- There are two types of breeding: inbreeding and outbreeding. 

- A fishery refers to capturing, processing, and selling fish, shellfish, and other aquatic creatures.

- Beekeeping, also known as apiculture, is the practice of keeping honeybee colonies to produce honey. Honey is a nutrient-dense food that is also used in traditional medicine, and Beeswax is also produced. 

---

### FAQs

__1. How does agriculture and food production affect health?__ 

Agriculture has been linked to bad health due to animal diseases, malnutrition, food-borne illnesses, and chronic and occupational diseases. 

__2. How does the food industry affect health?__ 

Humans can become overweight, undernourished, and at risk for illnesses and disorders like arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease if we eat too much food or food that provides our bodies the incorrect instructions. In a nutshell, what we eat has a significant impact on our health. 

Chemical-laden foods lead to illnesses that reduce people's quality of life and shorten their lifespan. Obesity, cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes are all on the rise, and most of these diseases may be prevented by changing our diet. 

__3. What are inhumane farming methods?__ 

The practices used in the upbringing of farm animals are known as inhumane farming methods. Tyranny is defined as forced feeding or feeding using industrialized ways to boost production. Instead of being thought of as sentient creatures, farm animals are frequently used as production commodities. 

__4. How does inhumane farming affect the environment?__

One of the factors contributing to environmental degradation is inhumane farming. As a result of such abusive agricultural tactics, this circumstance also harms the ecosystem. Various gases are discharged into the atmosphere due to such agricultural operations, and the dumping of animal excrement into various water bodies pollutes the environment. 

---

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production- Part 1__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun, VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

### Continue your learning journey: 
1. [Biomes](https://www.inspiritvr.com/general-bio/ecology/biomes-and-climate-study-guide)
2. [Biodiversity](https://www.inspiritvr.com/cbse-bio/ecology-cbse/biodiversity-and-conservation-study-guide) 
3. [Animal Kingdom](https://www.inspiritvr.com/cbse-bio/diversity-in-the-living-world/animal-kingdom-study-guide-part-1)

## Sources

1. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo109.pdf](https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo109.pdf) Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021

2. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [https://studymaterialcenter.in/strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production-ncert-pdf-read-online-class-12-biology/](https://studymaterialcenter.in/strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production-ncert-pdf-read-online-class-12-biology/) Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021

3. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [https://byjus.com/ncert-exemplar-class-12-biology-chapter-9-strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production/](https://byjus.com/ncert-exemplar-class-12-biology-chapter-9-strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production/) Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021


🗻 Big Picture:  Biological principles are used in livestock and plant breeding to meet the food demands of growing populations. 

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Study Guide - Part 1 

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## Introduction

Microbes can be found in the most severe environments, where no other life could live. Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungus, viroids, prions, and other tiny organisms are among them. Though some may be pathogenic, they serve a crucial function in human health. Microbes may be easily produced in labs or on a large scale to conduct research and manufacture various valuable goods. Microbes benefit humans and the environment in a variety of ways, as we'll discuss below.

![microbes](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/wmy6DGBN9N3SAZiyNvXFd/af3c7f76508045a1adaf35fd2231e158/istock-924923870.jpg)

[Source](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientists-find-possible-link-between-gut-bacteria-and-depression-180971411/)

---

### Microbes in Food 

- The microorganisms found in curd *Lactobacillus* generate lactic acid, which causes the milk protein to coagulate and be partially  digested while boosting vitamin B12 levels. These bacteria can also be found in the stomach, where they inhibit the development of other bacteria. 

- Idli and dosa are south Indian dishes made from fermented dough. Because bacteria produce CO2, the dough ferments. 

- Yeast is used in the creation of bread. *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* is a kind of yeast. 

- Toddy is prepared from palm sap that has been fermented. 

![fermented foods](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/43BVuvG7MWjxrgHi3rUhXm/2bdc6fed57c50b4054e560990ca1bd35/--blog-post-image-20180417221625.jpg)

[Source](https://www.thesourcedirectory.org/blog/fermented-foods)

---

### Microbes in Beverages 

- Since ancient times, brewer's yeast (*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*) has been used to make alcoholic drinks from malted grains and fruit juices. 

- Various drinks are generated depending on the raw material and fermentation procedures utilized, such as wine and beer without distillation and whiskey, rum, and brandy. 

![fermentation products](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/61i5Cs6f5a7nShHCSSY4kA/23900060a3e3604086fda7934d0a8f0a/fermentation-products.png)

[Source](https://byjus.com/neet/important-notes-of-biology-for-neet-microbes-in-human-welfare/)

---

### Vaccines

- Vaccines are made from disease-causing bacteria, their surface proteins, or poisons that have been weakened or attenuated. Our bodies develop immunity to that specific virus. 

- Polio, DPT, measles, hepatitis-A and B, pneumococcal, influenza, and other viral illnesses have all been the subject of vaccine development. 

---

### Enzymes and Chemicals 

- *Streptococcus* generates streptokinase, a clot-busting enzyme that has been genetically engineered and is used to remove clots from blood arteries. 

- Pectinases and proteases are enzymes made by microbes that are used to clear bottled juices. 

- *Trichoderma polysporum* produces *Cyclosporin A.* (a fungus). It's an immune system suppressant that's utilized in organ transplant patients. 

- *Monascus purpureus* produces statins (yeast). It decreases cholesterol levels in the blood by preventing cholesterol production. 

---

### Sewage Treatment

Sewage treatment facilities (STPs) process sewage to make it less polluting. The heterotrophic microorganisms naturally present in the sewage treat the wastewater.

---

### Biocontrol of Pests and Diseases 

- Caterpillars and insect larvae are controlled by *Bacillus thuringiensis*. The gene coding for the toxin has been inserted into the plant genome in certain genetically engineered plants, and Bt-cotton, for example, is pest-resistant. 

- *Trichoderma* (a fungus) is a biocontrol agent for various plant infections. In most cases, the fungus may be found in the roots. 

- Baculoviruses belonging to the genus nucleopolyhedroviral are powerful biocontrol agents. Although they only attack arthropods, they are hazardous to plants and other creatures such as birds, fish, and mammals. 

---

### Biofertilizers

![biofertilizer](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/72NFd3zuFdFNjxzhva1Zgq/e130802700c299b538f90468817eed7b/Algal-Biofertilizers.png)

[Source](https://www.embibe.com/exams/microbes-as-biofertilizers/)

- Fungi, bacteria, and cyanobacteria produce biofertilizers. 

- Leguminous plants have rhizobium in their root nodules, and it is capable of removing nitrogen from the atmosphere. On the other hand, Leguminous plants help increase the nitrogen concentration of the soil. 

- Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as azotobacter and azospirillum can be found in the soil. Mycorrhizal fungus enhances the nutritional content of the soil as well. Glomus fungi are responsible for absorbing phosphorus for the plant. 

- These symbiotic relationships benefit not only by boosting nutritional content but also by providing disease resistance and drought and salinity tolerance. 

- Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, and other cyanobacteria may fix atmospheric nitrogen. Cyanobacteria are widely employed as a biofertilizer in paddy fields. Blue-green algae are autotrophic and may be found in aquatic and terrestrial environments. By contributing organic matter to the soil, they improve its fertility.

---

## ✅ Conclusion

- Microbes may be found in the most severe environments, where no other life could live. 

- Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungus, viroids, prions, and other tiny organisms are among them. 

- Yeast is used in the creation of bread. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a kind of yeast. 

- Toddy is prepared from palm sap that has been fermented. 

- Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Azotobacter and Azospirillum can be found in the soil. 

- Streptococcus generates streptokinase, a clot-busting enzyme that has been genetically engineered and is used to remove clots from blood arteries. 

---

### FAQs 

__1. What is the conclusion of microbes in human welfare? What is the most important role of microorganisms in the well-being of humans?__ 

Most microorganisms in humans coexist peacefully with human cells, but when this equilibrium is broken, or the body or immune system is compromised, sickness and infection can result. 
The appropriate treatment for converting milk to curd plays a crucial part in the microorganism for human health. Milk will be turned into curd or yogurt based on the fermentation process. 

__2. What are the 4 types of microbes?__ 

Bacteria, fungus (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses are the principal categories of microorganisms. 

__3. How do microbes help in human welfare?__ 

Microbes have been utilized to cleanse sewage (wastewater) for over a century through activated sludge formation, which aids in natural water recycling. While degrading plant waste, methanogens create methane (biogas). In rural places, biogas generated by bacteria is used as a source of energy. 

__4. What are 5 useful microorganisms?__ 

- Lactic acid bacteria (genus Lactobacillus) are required to produce yogurt and cheese. 

- Certain cheeses, particularly blue cheeses like Roquefort and Stilton, employ molds during the fermenting process. 

- Baker's yeast is a must-have ingredient in every bakery, and it’s the source of that distinctive sweet odor. 

- Ciclosporin (also known as cyclosporine and other variations) was discovered in the Tolypocladium inflatum fungus in Norway. One of the most common immunosuppressive medications used to keep organ transplant recipients from rejecting their new organs. 

- Yeast cells serve as factories for insulin production. Insulin was previously extracted from the pancreases of killed pigs before biotechnology. 

---

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Microbes in Human Welfare__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun, VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## Sources

1. Microbes in human welfare [https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo110.pdf](https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo110.pdf). Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021

2. Microbes in human welfare [https://mycbseguide.com/blog/microbes-human-welfare-class-12-notes-biology/](https://mycbseguide.com/blog/microbes-human-welfare-class-12-notes-biology/)   Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021

3. Microbes as Biofertilizers- Definition, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages [https://www.embibe.com/exams/microbes-as-biofertilizers/](https://www.embibe.com/exams/microbes-as-biofertilizers/) Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021 

4. Microbes in human welfare [https://www.vedantu.com/biology/microbes-in-human-welfare](https://www.vedantu.com/biology/microbes-in-human-welfare)  Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021


🗻 Big Picture: Protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and tiny plants are all microbes, as are viruses, viroid, and prions, proteinaceous infectious agents.


Microbes in Human Welfare Study Guide

Check out awesome, educational VR rooms on Inspirit's mobile app (available for [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/inspirit-learn-biology/id1563066201) and [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.inspirit.learnerapp&hl=en&gl=US) devices) 🤩

## Introduction 

Plant Breeding is the deliberate modification of plant species to produce desirable plant kinds that are more suited for cultivation, higher yields, and disease-resistance.  Increased food production to fulfill population demands is called the Green Revolution. M. S. Swaminathan was the driving force behind India's green revolution. 

Fertilizers, insecticides, high-yielding crops, irrigation infrastructure, and other modern procedures and technology are employed for this purpose.  Wheat and rice cultivars with high yields have made a significant contribution to the expansion in food grain output. 

---

### Plant Breeding

__Plant Breeding__ enhances a plant production, quality, tolerance to environmental stress, and pest and disease resistance. Government and private enterprises undertake plant breeding programs all around the world. The following are the stages involved in creating a new plant genetic variety: 

- __Collection of Variability__: The collection of all the different varieties of a certain crop. All of a plant's alleles for its genes are gathered, and Germplasm collection is the term for it. 

- __Selection of Parents__: The germplasm is tested for the desired characteristic, and parents are chosen based on the results. 

- __Cross Hybridization__: Occurs when two desirable characteristics are united, such as disease resistance and high protein content. 

- __Selection and Testing of Better Recombinants__: Hybrids with desirable traits are chosen and self-pollinated over several generations to achieve homozygosity. This prevents character segregation in the following generation. 

- __Commercializing New Cultivars__: Entails a thorough quality inspection for productivity and other characteristics such as disease resistance. The crop is cultivated in a controlled environment in a research area for this purpose. 

- __Testing Period__: Following the evaluation, three seasons of testing in farmer's fields across the country are conducted. 

---

### High-yielding Variety of Hybrid Indian Crop

![chickpea](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2IjWvYkI4gvIjt41GbpZS5/982599bcc8bbead1c6868b2b5c06c32c/crop_science5.jpg)
[Source](https://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=550&Itemid=171)

- __Wheat__: In Mexico, Norman E Borlaug produced semi-dwarf wheat types. Wheat production has increased from 11 million to 75 million tonnes. High-yielding and disease-resistant wheat types cultivated in India are Sonalika and Kalyan Sona. 

- __Rice__: IR-8 (created in the Philippines) and Taichung Native-1 were used to create semi-dwarf rice cultivars (Taiwan). 
Semi-dwarf rice cultivars Jaya and Ratna were created in India. 

- __Cane Sugar__: Saccharum Barberi (north Indian sugarcane) and sugar-rich Saccharum officinarum (south Indian sugarcane with thick stems) were successfully cross-bred to produce high yield, sugar content, and thick stems that can be cultivated in North India as well. 

The traditional approach (hybridization and selection) or the mutation method creates disease-resistant variants. Disease-resistant varieties are also obtained by genetic engineering and selection among somaclonal variations. 

---

### Mutational Breeding

When a gene is mutated, the sequence of the gene changes. Mutation can be purposely produced to get a characteristic that was not present previously. For example, a novel Mung bean variety resistant to powdery mildew disease and the yellow mosaic virus has been generated through mutation. 

It is critical to have disease resistance and a high producing capacity. To achieve this combination, disease-resistant genes are introduced to high-yielding types via sexual hybridization. Parbhani Kranti is a new type of bhindi that has been designed to be resistant to the yellow mosaic virus. The disease resistance gene was inherited from a wild animal. 

---

### Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality 

Aside from disease resistance, pest resistance, and high yield, higher nutritional value is also vital for eradicating nutrient-deficient disorders. We can promote public health by growing nutrient-dense foods with lower fat, greater protein, and more vitamins and minerals. 

---

### Biofortification

__Biofortification__ is the process of breeding nutrient-dense crops. Crops with higher nutritional value have more protein, oil, vitamin, micronutrients, mineral content, and higher quality. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi has published several vitamin and mineral-rich vegetable cultivars. 

![biofortification](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4WIaLKlw4W0evB88Aa3NNf/fd133c223220f059b81e1710d422ed95/List-of-biofortified-crops.jpg)
[Source](http://paepard.blogspot.com/2019/08/advocacy-for-scaling-up-biofortified.html)

---

### Single-cell Protein 

__Single-cell protein__ is one of the protein sources that can fulfill the ever-increasing human and animal population's nutritional needs. 

Microbes are cultured on an industrial scale to get SCP. Spirulina, a kind of blue-green algae, is a good source of nutrients and may be easily cultivated on sewage, potato processing plant effluent, animal dung, and straw molasses. 

Tissue culture and somatic hybridization techniques have enormous promise for manipulating plants in vitro to create novel types.

---

## ✅ Conclusion

- Plant breeding is the deliberate modification of plant species to produce desirable plant kinds that are more suited for cultivation, higher yields, and disease-resistant. 

- Wheat and rice cultivars with high yields have made a significant contribution to the expansion in food grain output. 

- Plant breeding enhances production, quality, tolerance to environmental stress, and pest and disease resistance.

---

### FAQs

__1. How can agricultural practices and changes in food distribution influence the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans?__ 

Agriculture exposes workers to a wide spectrum of respiratory pollutants, present in greater quantities than in other sectors. Despite low cigarette smoking rates, farmers have a higher frequency of various acute and chronic respiratory ailments, arthritis, skin cancer, hearing loss, and amputations. Other health effects, such as stress and unfavorable reproductive outcomes, have received less attention in the agricultural sector. 

__2. How can agriculture improve health and nutrition?__ 

Agriculture is best positioned to influence food production and consumption of nutritious foods that people need to live healthy and active lifestyles. Physical and economic access to adequate and affordable nutritious food is primarily a function of the agriculture sector, which helps to increase production, improve post-harvest storage and processing, and reduce transportation costs, all of which help to lower food prices for poor consumers. Agriculture does not directly impact consumer demand, but it may help make nutritious food cheaper. 

__3. How do harmful substances in crop farming affect food production?__ 

Pesticides, antibiotics, and hormones are used in plant and animal agriculture to increase output, decrease food waste, and assure a sufficient food supply. Pesticides may significantly improve crop yield while ensuring a higher grade of products. 

---

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production- Part 2__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## Sources

1. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo109.pdf](https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo109.pdf) Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021

2. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [https://studymaterialcenter.in/strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production-ncert-pdf-read-online-class-12-biology/](https://studymaterialcenter.in/strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production-ncert-pdf-read-online-class-12-biology/) Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021

3. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [https://byjus.com/ncert-exemplar-class-12-biology-chapter-9-strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production/](https://byjus.com/ncert-exemplar-class-12-biology-chapter-9-strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production/) Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021


🗻 Big Picture: State-of-the-art technologies such as plant breeding, animal breeding, tissue culture, genetic engineering, and embryo transfer have increased yields many times.

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Study Guide - Part 2 

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## Introduction

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being is characterized as health. A pathogen is a disease-causing organism, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungus, or worms. A pathogen can enter our bodies in a variety of ways. 

### Pathogen-Related Disease

__Typhoid:__ Caused by a bacteria, Salmonella typhi. One can contract this disease through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include high fever, headache, constipation, and loss of appetite. This disease can be diagnosed by performing a Widal test, and intestinal perforations can be seen In some extreme cases. 

__Pneumonia:__ Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes the air sacs in one or both lungs to become inflamed. Cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and trouble breathing can occur when the air sacs fill with fluid or pus (purulent material). Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most prevalent cause of bacterial pneumonia. This form of pneumonia can develop independently or as a result of a cold or virus. 

__Ascariasis:__ Ascariasis is a parasitic illness of the small intestine caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Roundworms are parasitic worms, and Roundworm infections are rather frequent. The most prevalent roundworm infection is ascariasis. 

__Ringworm:__ A fungus causes ringworm, which is a common skin illness. Because it can create a circular rash (formed like a ring) that is generally red and itchy, it's nicknamed "ringworm." Ringworms may affect anyone. 

__Malaria:__ Malaria is an infectious illness spread by mosquitoes that affect people and other animals. Malaria is characterized by fever, exhaustion, vomiting, and headaches. In extreme cases, it can cause yellow skin, convulsions, com in extreme cases, or death. 

 → Lifecycle of Plasmodium: 

- Plasmodium is spread from person to person by female Anopheles mosquito bites.
- Sporozoites, which are formed by female anopheles saliva after they bite, are indeed the infectious form.
- Before attacking RBCs, it replicates in liver cells, leading RBCs to explode.
- Haemozoin, a harmful toxin, is secreted.
- The deceased person's gametocyte is transferred to the mosquito whenever a mosquito bites an infected person.
- Macro and micro gametocytes get fertilized, converted, and sporogenesis happens in the mosquito's stomach, culminating in the formation of sporozoites.
- The cycle is restarted when sporozoites reach a mosquito's salivary gland.
- Plasmodium sp. needs both humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes to finish its life cycle.

![Plasmodium lifecycle ](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/720ugybHkElrhi6dLStlKU/226455f635c548cf6aabfcc18dd9b2d5/life-cycle-of-the-malarial-parasite-plasmodium.jpeg) 
[Source](https://byjus.com/neet/important-notes-of-biology-for-neet-human-health-and-disease/)

### AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)  

- Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) 
- The virus uses the reverse transcriptase enzyme to generate viral DNA in the host. 
- The viral DNA is integrated into the host genome, resulting in numerous copies of the virus. 
- The virus targets helper T-cells, where it replicates and multiplies, resulting in a significant reduction in T lymphocyte numbers. 
- After the virus targets T-helper cells, the infected person develops immunodeficiency. 
- AIDS patients are vulnerable to infections such as mycobacterium, toxoplasma, fungal, and viral infections. 
- The ELISA test is a commonly used AIDS diagnostic test. 
- AIDS can be passed down from mother to fetus through the placenta, contaminated blood transfusions, or using an infected syringe.  

![HIV Replication Cycle](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6dEzt0WYY2RdStLljI8e0o/48a72b4376c09864041f712b0cfa3ebf/hivReplicationCycle2.jpg)
[Source](https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hiv-replication-cycle)

### Cancer

- Cancer is caused by unregulated cell division, which results in tumor development. 
- Cancerous cells cannot stop future cell proliferation when they touch other cells. 
- Non-invading benign tumors stay in their original position and do not spread. 
- Malignant tumors can invade adjacent tissues and cause harm. 
- Metastasis is a feature of malignant tumors in which sloughed-off cells travel to distant areas and establish tumors in various sections of the body.  
- Cancer is caused by DNA damage or genetic mutations that result in improper cell cycle control. 
- Under some conditions, cancer can also be triggered by the activation of proto-oncogenes found in normal cells. 
- Ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays, gamma rays), non-ionizing radiation (UV rays), chemical agents (e.g., tobacco), viral oncogenes of oncogenic viruses are all examples of carcinogens. 
- A CT scan, MRI, X-ray, PET scan, or histological investigations of tissue and blood can all be used to identify cancer. 
- Molecular biology approaches can also diagnose cancer by identifying inherited cancer-prone genes. 
- Surgery, transplantation, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy are all options for cancer treatment. 
- 𝛂 -interferon acts as a biological response modifier, activating the immune system and causing it to attack the tumor. 

### Alcohol and Drug Abuse 

![Drug Addiction](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6jB8mRLR6U5G9QXtaDYgVb/9f6ad7ea9f0f247819762a46c05570f7/450px-Brain_metabolism_and_drug_addiction.jpg)
[Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction) 

Commonly misused drugs include opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids.

- Opioids bind to opioid receptors in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. 
- Diacetylmorphine is sometimes known as smack or heroin. It's made from the latex of the Papaver somniferum poppy plant, and the acetylation of morphine produces it. 
- Cannabinoids interact with the brain's cannabinoid receptors, and they have an impact on the cardiovascular system. 
- Cannabis, hashish, charas, ganja, and other cannabinoids are extracted from the plant's flower tops, leaves, and resins, Cannabis sativa. 
- Cocaine, also known as coca alkaloid, is derived from the Erythroxylum coca plant. 
- Cocaine works by interfering with dopamine transport, a neurotransmitter. 
- Cannabinoids are also used by athletes to improve their performance, muscle relaxation, and anxiety reduction. 
- Morphine is a sedative and a pain reliever. 
- Depression, sleeplessness, and other mental illnesses are treated with barbiturates, amphetamines, and benzodiazepines, among other drugs. 
- Tobacco's nicotine (alkaloid) promotes the adrenal gland's secretion of adrenalin and nor-adrenalin hormones. It raises blood pressure and heart rate. 
- Smoking causes oxygen deficit by raising carbon monoxide levels in the blood, lowering the concentration of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. 
- Excessive drug and alcohol use harms the nervous system and leads to liver cirrhosis. 

## Conclusion: 

- A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being is characterized as health. 
- A pathogen is a disease-causing organism, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungus, or worms. 
- Plasmodium is transmitted to humans by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. 
- AIDS can be passed down from mother to fetus through the placenta, contaminated blood transfusions, or using an infected syringe. 
- Cancer is caused by unregulated cell division, which results in tumor development. 

### FAQs: 

__1. How many diseases are in the human body?__

Humans are afflicted by over 10,000 illnesses, the majority of which are classified as "rare" or "orphan" diseases." 

__2. What are the 10 common diseases?__

Few of the common diseases that all humans are: 

- Allergies
- Colds and Flu 
- Conjunctivitis 
- Diarrhea
- Headaches 
- Typhoid  
- Stomach aches 
- Typhoid 
- Malaria  

__3. What are the 5 common diseases in humans?__ 

These are the 5 most common diseases that affect humans worldwide according to WHO and CDC: 

- Hepatitis B
- Malaria
- Hepatitis C
- Dengue 
- Tuberculosis

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Human Health and Disease - Part 2__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## Sources:
1. Human Health and Disease https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo108.pdf Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021
2. Human Health and Disease https://byjus.com/neet/important-notes-of-biology-for-neet-human-health-and-disease / Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021
3. Human Health and Disease https://mycbseguide.com/blog/human-health-disease-class-12-notes-biology/ Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021


Many diseases affect the human body, caused by genetic defects, infections, or an unhealthy lifestyle. 


Human Health and Disease Study Guide - Part 2

Check out awesome, educational VR rooms on Inspirit's mobile app (available for [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/inspirit-learn-biology/id1563066201) and [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.inspirit.learnerapp&hl=en&gl=US) devices)🤩

## Introduction

Simply put, health entails disease-free living and  physical fitness. Health is dependent on a few factors, and some of them are listed below: 
- Genetic diseases that are inherited often affect an individual’s potential health
- Microbes or other creatures that cause disease
- Lifestyle choices - includes the foods and beverages we consume, physical activity levels, and sleep patterns

### Disease Types

There are two sorts of diseases: infectious and non-infectious. 

__Congenital Diseases:__

Genetic disorders present at birth are known as congenital diseases. This might result from a gene mutation, chromosomal abnormality, or environmental factors. Defects in the chromosome and genes are passed on to the following generation. Haemophilia, color blindness, Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and other conditions are examples. 

__Acquired Diseases:__

Diseases acquired during a lifetime are acquired diseases: 

__1. Communicable:__ An infectious sickness is spread from one person to another. 

__2. Non-communicable:__ illness does not spread by infection. 

__3. Deficiency Disease__: Anaemia, kwashiorkor, beriberi, diabetes, and other deficiencies are caused by a lack of a key vitamin, enzyme, or hormone. 

__4. Allergies:__ are a type of hypersensitivity to external particles such as pollen and dust. 

### Immunity and Related Disorders

Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens and other objects. The immune system protects our bodies against infection.

Immunity can be divided into different categories: 

__Innate Immunity:__

The immunity that is present from birth is known as innate immunity. There are four sorts of barriers in the human body's defense mechanism.

- Skin and mucous covering of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract epithelial linings are physical barriers. 
- Saliva, tears, or stomach acid act as physiological barriers. 
- Neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer lymphocytes are cellular barriers. 
- Interferons released by virus-infected cells form cytokine barriers. 

__Acquired Immunity:__ 

Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific immunity that we develop throughout our lives. 

- After the initial interaction with a virus, the low-intensity primary reaction kicks in. 
- Due to the memory of the initial reaction, a recurrent infection causes a substantially increased secondary response or anamnestic response. 
- B-lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to foreign antigens. 
- Antibodies (H2L2) are Y-shaped protein molecules with two light and two heavy peptide strands. 

![Antibodies](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/5aTKVmJgoUQTUxryfgN7rc/0bc36b6abc049836c5b586bcb98855ba/chains-structure-antibody-immunoglobulin-molecule-light-unit.jpg) 
[Source](https://www.britannica.com/science/antibody)

- Humans have five different forms of antibodies or immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE. 
- IgG is the most prevalent antibody in the blood, and it defends a fetus while its immunity builds. 
- IgA is plentiful in breast milk and colostrum, the yellowish fluid released at the beginning of breastfeeding. 
- IgE has a role in allergic reactions. 
- The humoral immune response is indeed an antibody-mediated reaction. 
- Cell-mediated response, or CMI, is regulated by T-lymphocytes. 
- After transplantation, the cell-mediated response is crucial for discriminating among self and non-self and graft rejection. 

__Active Immunity:__

Antibodies are created in the host’s body in response to antigen, and it takes time to respond effectively. Vaccination, which involves injecting an attenuated pathogen, is an example of active immunity. 

![Types of Immunity](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/3Taom5B7mfi6p0y326Ij80/621190b0d2d6027e749bb7b78b937877/Types_of_Immunity.png)
[Source](https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-11-animal-physiology/111-antibody-production-and/types-of-immunity.html)

__Passive Immunity:__ 

Passive immunity is defined as providing pre-made antibodies to elicit a rapid response against a disease. Passive immunization is achieved by injecting antitoxin for snakebite, including antibodies against the venom. The use of recombinant DNA technology has aided in large-scale manufacturing vaccines. For example, yeast is used to make the hepatitis B vaccine. 

### Allergies

- Pollens, dust, mites, and other environmental antigens elicit an exaggerated immunological response. 
- During an allergic response, the IgE antibody is generated. 
- During an allergic response, the mast cell produces histamine and serotonin. 
- Antihistamines, adrenaline, and steroids all help to alleviate allergy symptoms. 

![Allergies](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/7l7UWw69gCQkQXJpgQS9eq/5ef9c031cd26ce695599d997ccbfcc53/19150.jpg)
[Source](https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000812.htm)

### Autoimmunity

- Auto-immune illness occurs when the body attacks its own cells. 
- Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects the body's immune system. 

![Autoimmune Diseases](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/AkeDLhcAONkhSBBIxmFs0/41846ae9427c67c104ac2271bca9d3f5/autoimmune_disease.jpg)
[Source](https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/autoimmune/index.cfm)

### Immune System: Lymphoid Organs 

- The lymphoid organs, cells, and antibodies that make up the human immune system 
- Bone marrow and thymus are the primary lymphoid organs. Lymphocytes grow, mature, and differentiate into antigen-specific lymphocytes in this area. 
- Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches in the small intestine, and appendix are secondary lymphoid organs. These are the antigen-reaction sites, and following proliferation, they become effector cells. 
- The spleen functions as a blood filter. Lymphocytes and phagocytes are present, as well as a considerable number of erythrocytes. 
- Antigens in the lymph or tissue fluid are trapped in lymph nodes. 
- MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue): the mucosal lining of the respiratory, urinary, and digestive tracts accounts for half of all lymphoid tissues in the body. 

![Lymphatic System](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1A75kjpwfaGfrHLlanWT6g/157609e968322bc85e3f830780b3c10b/Fig-1-The-major-components-of-the-lymphatic-system-1024x856.jpg)
[Source](https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/immunology/the-lymphatic-system-1-structure-function-and-oedema-21-09-2020/)

## Conclusion: 

- Health is defined as a condition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. 
- Genetic disorders that are present at birth are known as congenital diseases. This might result from a gene mutation, chromosomal abnormality, or environmental factors. 
- Diseases acquired during a lifetime are referred to as acquired diseases. 
- Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens and other objects. 
- The immune system protects our bodies against infection. 
- Vaccination, which involves injecting an attenuated pathogen, is an example of active immunity. 
- Passive immunization is achieved by injecting antitoxin for snakebite, including antibodies against the venom. 

### FAQs: 

__1. What can you do with a human health and disease degree?__ 

Degrees in a variety of biological disciplines, PhD research leading to biomedical research positions, and graduate admission to study medicine. Jobs in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries and health promotion, education, and policy are all possibilities. 

__2. What is meant by human health?__

The absence of sickness or disability is a condition of total bodily, mental, and social well-being. Measurements of disease incidence and prevalence, age-specific death rates, and life expectancy reflect the overall health of a community or population. 

__3. What are the 4 types of diseases?__

Infectious illnesses, deficient diseases, hereditary diseases (including genetic and non-genetic hereditary disorders), and physiological diseases are the four basic categories of disease. Diseases can also be divided into categories such as communicable and non-communicable. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about Human __Health and Disease - Part 1__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun, VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## Sources:
1. Human Health and Disease https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo108.pdf Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021
2. Human Health and Disease https://byjus.com/neet/important-notes-of-biology-for-neet-human-health-and-disease / Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021
3. Human Health and Disease https://mycbseguide.com/blog/human-health-disease-class-12-notes-biology/ Accessed on 29 Dec, 2021


Health is defined as a condition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.  
