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Chemistry

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# Introduction
The majority of people adore pizza. They don't merely order "pizza," as even the most basic pizza will include a topping and cheese – pepperoni, maybe, or something else entirely. Many pizzas, on the other hand, rapidly become more complicated. One may prefer pepperoni and sausage, while another may prefer Canadian bacon and pineapple. 

The combos may be more complicated, but the fundamental concepts of pizza remain the same. 
In the case of ionic compounds, the situation is identical. Ionic compounds aren't entirely made up of monatomic ions. An ionic compound with three or more components is known as a __ternary ionic complex.__
![pizza](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6TIXXvEr7bCBPvwH8v1eQb/2bfd7d621dade6d028230691a9a5eb18/image.jpg)
[Source](https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2021/10/17/pizza-types-vegan-gluten-free.html)

## WHAT IS A TERNARY COMPOUND?
- A ternary compound or ternary phase is a chemical substance that contains __three separate elements__ in inorganic and materials science.
- One type of cation and one type of anion are still present in a standard ternary ionic combination. Either __a cation, an anion, or both are polyatomic ions__. 
- Let's take Sodium phosphate (Na3PO4), for instance. The phosphate ion has a charge of 3-, while the sodium ion has a charge of 1 . To counterbalance the charge of one phosphate ion, three sodium ions are required.  
- Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is another case of a ternary compound.

## NAMING OF TERNARY COMPOUNDS
- We name ternary ionic complexes the same way we name binary ionic compounds: __first the cation, then the anion.__
- When a compound contains more than one polyatomic ion, the ion's formula is given in __parentheses__, with a subscript outside the parentheses indicating how many of those ions are present.

The following are the rules for designating ternary ionic compounds:
1. For each ion, write the formula (symbol and charge).
2. Charges in a crisscross pattern
3. If a subscript higher than 1 appears around a polyatomic ion, parenthesis may be required.
4. The lowest ratios of entire numbers
5. After naming the cation, go on to the polyatomic anion.
![ternary](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6jGChA2JgC6Wk9PHtdjZ1z/2ec18232070b5ec334788a0dabbe9c88/330px-Linbo3_Unit_Cell.png)
[Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_compound)

## EXAMPLES OF TERNARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
- Sodium nitrate: NaNO3
- Sodium hypochlorite: NaClO
- Sodium chlorite: NaClO2
- Sodium chlorate: NaClO3
- Sodium perchlorate: NaClO4
- Ammonium chloride: NH4Cl
- Iron (III) hydroxide: Fe (OH)3

# Conclusion
- A ternary compound or ternary phase is a chemical substance that contains three separate elements.
- We name ternary ionic complexes the same way we name binary ionic compounds: first the cation, then the anion.

## FAQs: 

__1. How do you write Formulas for ternary compounds?__

Write the cation's symbol and charge first, then the anion's symbol and charge. To confirm that the resulting formula is neutral, use the crisscross approach.

__2. What is the formula for naming ionic compounds?__

The cation comes first in naming ionic substances, followed by anion. The balance of positive and negative charges must always be maintained. Some anion species have many forms, which are denoted by roman numbers in parenthesis. Three or more elements make up ternary compounds.

__3.  What are the rules for naming ternary acids?__

The following are the guidelines for naming ternary acids: The root of a nonmetal's name with the suffix ‘ic’ is the designation of the most prevalent oxyacid for that nonmetal. It does not have a prefix. The root of the element's name with the suffix ‘ate’ makes up the name of this acid's anion.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Ternary Compounds!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎*

## SOURCES:
1. Names and Formulas of Ternary Ionic Compounds: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-chemistry-flexbook-2.0/section/7.10/primary/lesson/names-and-formulas-of-ternary-ionic-compounds-chem/ accessed 14 march 2022
2. Ternary Compounds: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_compound accessed 14 march 2022
3. Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds: https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/formulas-for-binary-ionic-compounds/lesson/Formulas-for-Binary-Ionic-Compounds-CHEM/ accessed 14 march 2022


A ternary compound is a chemical substance that contains three separate elements.


Ternary Compounds Study Guide

Other

## INTRODUCTION 

Have you ever wondered by looking at a chemical reaction how it is determined? The big formulas or images will look complex, but if you know the molecular formula, it becomes very simple and easy to understand. Now, the first thing that will strike you is what is a molecular formula, and how is it helpful to understand the different yet complex chemical reactions? Let us dig into it!

### WHAT IS THE MOLECULAR FORMULA?

Before understanding the molecular formula, do you know what a molecule is? A molecule is a chemical combination of two atoms. The molecular formula of a molecular compound is a chemical formula that shows the number of different atoms present in a molecule. For example, in CO₂, the subscript under oxygen shows that there are two atoms of oxygen present, whereas the lack of subscript under carbon shows it has only one atom of carbon present.

The chemical formula can be written as:

Molecular formula = n (Empirical formula)

where n = integer multiple 

It can be also written as: 

n = MM (molar mass) / EFM (empirical formula molar mass)

![Molecular Formula](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2C58O82XxtjOfRyVLtxpf6/ade2ccc58dd50bbbf8d8129e37152877/p2qijrTRYdpVNK-sbbSQNA.png)
[Source](https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/molecular-formula)

### WHAT IS THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA?

The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms. It can be easily determined from the percent composition of a compound. 

![Empirical Formula vs Molecular Formula](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4cM5lfRwME7GowZ4l6ikRU/0a866eb995d0fa5c75810b750b5148a4/O5.png)
[Source](https://sciencenotes.org/empirical-vs-molecular-formula/)

### HOW TO FIND A MOLECULAR FORMULA FROM THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA?

We will need to know the empirical formula so that we can convert it to a molecular formula. You also need to know the molar mass of a compound to get the molecular formula. Here are simple steps to determine the molecular formula:

__Step 1:__ Calculate the empirical formula molar mass (EFM).

__Step 2:__ You need to divide the molar mass of the compound by the empirical formula molar mass (EFM). The result should be a whole number or very close to a whole number.

__Step 3:__ You have to multiply all the subscripts in the empirical formula by the whole number found. The result that we will get is the molecular formula.

### EXAMPLE PROBLEM TO FIND OUT THE MOLECULAR FORMULA

The empirical formula of a compound of boron and hydrogen is BH3. Its molar mass is 27.7g/mol. Determine the molecular formula of the compound.

Given: Empirical formula = BH₃

         Molar mass = 27.7 g/mol

Empirical formula molar mass (EFM) = 13.84 g/mol

Molar mass / EFM = 27.7 g/mol / 13.84 g/mol = 2

The molecular formula = BH₃ × 2 = B₂H₆

### FAQs: 

__1. What is the molecular formula short answer?__

It is a chemical formula that helps determine the total number of atoms present in a molecule.

__2. What is the empirical and molecular formula, with an example?__

The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms, whereas the molecular formula is the total number of atoms present in a molecule. An example of the empirical formula is hexane is C₃H₇, and the molecular formula is CO₂.

__3. How do you find the molecular formula?__

Molecular Formula = n (Empirical formula)

where n = integer multiple

__4. What is a mole? Explain with an example?__

It is defined as the mass of a substance containing 6.023 x 10²³ particles of a substance. Example: In 12 gms carbon, there are 12 x 6.023 x 10²³ moles present.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about the __Molecular Formula and its Calculations__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our app to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## SOURCES
1. Molecular Formula: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-chemistry-flexbook-2.0/section/7.1/primary/lesson/molecular-formula-chem/. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.
2. Empirical Formula: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-chemistry-flexbook-2.0/section/7.2/primary/lesson/empirical-formula-chem/. Accessed 28 Feb 2022. 


The molecular formula is an expression that helps to determine the number and type of atoms present in a molecule of a substance. One molecular formula example is CO₂.


Molecular Formula And Its Calculations Study Guide

The bond formation between two atoms helps to increase the interconnectivity of two atoms to form one compound. If you’ve observed a stenographer in court, they always use code letters to write words faster. Similarly, the abbreviation or symbols of binary ionic chemical formulas are used to refer to a large compound. Let us learn more about binary ionic compounds and how to name them!

### WHAT IS THE BINARY IONIC COMPOUND? 

The binary ionic formula can be defined as the interrelationship between the ions of one metal and one non-metal. We have seen this in many different bonds like the covalent bond or ionic bond — for instance, metal and non-metal do not form any bonds. But the Binary ionic compounds show the successful formation of metal and non-metal elements bonded as one compound. For example, aluminum nitride ionic compound, potassium iodide compound, etc. 

### HOW TO WRITE THE BINARY IONIC FORMULA?

It is very simple to write the binary ionic compound formula - if you know the name of the compound, it becomes easier to write down the formula of the compound. The steps you should follow to write the balanced formula of binary ionic bonds are:

- Step 1: You need to first write the signs of the compounds with their ionic charge, like Al₃ and F- in aluminum and fluorine ionic compounds. 
- Step 2: See the charges of the signs present. Like in aluminum and fluorine ionic compounds, AI contains 3+ charge, and F contains -1 charge.
- Step 3: Use the crisscross method! Here, the numerical value of each of the ionic charges of the compounds gets crisscrossed, and the compound is formed. Hence, the charges of the elements balance out. This is how AlF₃ is formed. 

![Aluminum Fluoride](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4MJ8hqESY8ZXkUKCWtSCQS/22e420ce986c7b1f62c478fb13876fc4/Aluminum_Fluoride.png)

- Step 4: If the ions are of the same charges, then the magnitudes become equal. For example, the formula for aluminum and nitrogen Al₃ and N₃- becomes AlN.

### CRISS-CROSS METHOD

![CRISS-CROSS METHOD](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/3fUcIEAJgtgNqaiAc1g2bS/2ffbcc34352b66f31514e0a09bcff5a5/cao-compound-fa68c52490-535x540.jpg)

In the crisscross method, the charges are first written in the suffix of the elements, then arrows are used, and the charge on the suffix of the metal element goes to the prefix of the non-metal element, and the charge of the non-metal element will go to the suffix of the metal elements. 
As shown in the above picture, we can see that aluminum has 3+ charges and chlorine has a -1 charge. The symbols are written with their charges, and then the crisscross method is applied/ so the final compound we get is AlCl₃.

### RULES YOU SHOULD FOLLOW TO WRITE THE NAME OF THE BINARY IONIC FORMULA

The rules for writing the name of the Binary ionic formula are as follows:

__Rule 1.__ The name of the cation is written foremost; the anion is written second in the name.

__Rule 2.__ The name of the cation is the exact same as the (neutral) element from which it is derived (e.g., K = "potassium").

__Rule 3.__ The name of the anion is done by putting the suffix -ide to the tail of the element name (e.g., I- = “iodide”).

### FAQs 

__1. Is aluminum nitride an ionic or covalent compound?__

Aluminum nitride, Al-N forms a partial covalent bond. It shows not only covalent nature but also ionic characteristics. 

__2. Write some examples of the binary ionic compound.__

Some examples of binary ionic compounds are iron(III) iodide, sodium iodide, potassium fluoride, etc.

__3. What is the aluminum nitride formula?__

Aluminum nitride or azanylidynealumane formula is: AlN

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Binary Ionic Compounds: Structure and Examples__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

A binary ionic compound is composed of ions of two different elements, i.e., one of which is a nonmetal and the other metal.


Binary Ionic Compounds Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION
Every now and then, we hear about discovering a new compound (a substance containing atoms of two or more chemical elements held together by chemical bonds). Have you ever wondered how or where these compounds are synthesized or discovered? What difficulties would the scientists have to face in the entire process? The discovery of a new compound represents the beginning of a protracted research endeavor. 

We need to know a lot about the composition of this new compound to synthesize it in the lab. Identifying the elements in the content is often a good place to start. The relative quantities of each element may then be determined, allowing us to continue our study of this novel substance. One important part of this research is finding out the empirical formula of the compound. What is an empirical formula? The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present in a chemical compound is the empirical formula. Let's talk about it in more detail.

### What is Empirical formula?
Ordinarily, empirical formulae are employed to depict compounds with unknown molecular structures or entities that are not made up of regular molecular entities. 

To characterize and summarize compounds' atomic components, chemists utilize several notations. The chemical symbols for the elements and quantitative values define atomic composition in these notations, which comprise empirical, molecular, and structural formulations. 

The most basic kind of notation is empirical formulas. They have the smallest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound. Unlike molecular formulae, they do not offer information regarding the precise number of atoms in a single substance component. A compound's molecular formula is the same as whole-number multiple empirical formulae. 

![Empirical Formula](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/5cVZ0pnmKwGgLeym91s1sl/9e4faffb1f852c84e542728ee3ac66c3/empirical_vs_molecular.png)

That being said, how do we calculate or establish this empirical formula for any given compound?

### HOW TO CALCULATE THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Mass composition data may be used to develop empirical formulae. Combustion analysis, for example, can be utilized in the following ways:

- For a specimen of an unknown organic compound, a carbon-hydrogen and nitrogen analyzer or CHN analysis tool (a device that can measure the composition of a molecule) may be used to determine the statistical fractions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements. 
- The relative mass distributions of elements may be translated into moles once the comparative mass components of elements are known. 
- The empirical formula is the smallest whole-number ratio of the components that can be calculated. 

![Empirical formula calculation](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1gDjTzvqefbbAnpnpcUmim/de3b62e454c535008d598e8f74cc59ad/BoeY12b6RYm2GCnVWery_Empirical_Formula_Vanillin_0001.jpg)

### Empirical Formula Example
Let us look at ribose, with the molecular formula C5H10O5. Because there are two moles of hydrogen for every mole of carbon and oxygen, the empirical formula of ribose becomes the same as the empirical formula of glucose, i.e., CH2O.

Similarly, C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for glucose. This formula contains two moles of hydrogen for each mole of carbon and oxygen. As a result, the empirical formula for glucose is CH2O.

The structural formula of the chemical compound n-hexane is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, which indicates that it contains 6 carbon atoms arranged in a chain and 14 hydrogen atoms. Hexane has the molecular formula C6H14 and the empirical formula C3H7, with a C:H ratio of 3:7.
Acetic acid's molecular formula is C2H4O2 and formaldehyde's molecular formula is CH2O. They have different molecular formulas but share the same empirical formula, CH2O.

### Using Empirical Formula to Find a Molecular Formula
If you know the molar mass of the compound, you can use the empirical formula to find the molecular formula. Calculate the empirical formula mass and then divide the compound molar mass by the empirical formula mass to accomplish this. This calculates the ratio of the molecular and empirical formulas. To get the subscripts for the molecular formula, multiply all of the subscripts in the empirical formula by this ratio.

### CONCLUSION

- A formula that presents the components of a compound in its least whole-number proportion is known as an empirical formula. 
- The empirical formula is indeed the molecular formula if the molecular formula cannot be reduced into a lower whole-number ratio. 

### FAQs
__1. How do you find the empirical formula?__ 

- In every empirical formula problem, the mass percent of the components in the compound must first be determined. 
- Then convert the percentage to grams. 
- After that, split all of the masses by their molar masses. 
- Choose the smallest mole response and divide all figures by it. 

__2. Is empirical the simplest form?__ 

The most basic kind of notation are empirical formulas. They have the smallest whole-number ratio of the components in a compound. 

__3.  What is empirical and molecular form?__

Molecular formulas display the number of each type of atom in a molecule, and structural formulas reveal how the atoms in a molecule are combined with one another. Empirical formulas demonstrate the basic whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. 

__4. What is the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide?__

H2O2 is the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about Empirical Formula! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun, VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎


A formula that presents the components of a compound in its smallest whole-number ratio is known as an empirical formula. 


Empirical Formula Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION

Look at the items below. Do you find anything familiar between these compounds? All these compounds are made up of two different types of elements. Such compounds are known as binary compounds. A binary molecular compound comprises two non-metal atoms that are covalently bound together by sharing electrons.

![Binary-Compounds](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/5wMu5vtbbjMK7GB6sCxJyb/f207ae6a5de9a8d00ec53f5323b38741/Binary-Compounds.png)
[Source](https://sciencenotes.org/what-is-a-binary-compound-definition-and-examples/)

### WHAT ARE BINARY MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS?

- The term "binary" refers to a substance made up of only two types of materials. The sharing of electrons amongst non-metal atoms is referred to as molecular. Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons. A compound is a chemical that consists of at least two bound atoms.
- When we combine all of those phrases, we get a description: a binary molecular compound is composed of two different types of non-metallic atoms covalently bound together by electron sharing.
- Carbon dioxide, for example, is made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Carbon and oxygen are the only elements that are present. These are both non-metallic elements.

### NAMING BINARY MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

__Step 1:__ When both elements in a compound belong to the same period in the periodic table, the element with the lower group number is mentioned first.

__Step 2:__ If the elements belong to two separate periods, the element from the longer time will appear first. The elements should be listed in the correct order in the correct formulations.

__Step 3:__ Greek prefixes indicate the number of every element in the combination. They're just placed in front of the element’s name they are changing.

__Step 4:__ The second element's suffix is removed and replaced with "-ide"

![Naming Compounds](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1Gce6qU2Y9iSU4GslgAoKp/d28e630a1504238f5559c5b84471d663/JQPAYHDxRTvx5tiE1nK2_A9RyyS7cnmUdeZfQaL2ahvoWpuGJdjzHTZ3cLeQ-PtRnlJZFPPt8YhFCEkNWgZr65xYJ6SxPe0bKQXWOnV7t7NqKI9XS-G8X-4FTasS.png)
[Source](https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-rules-for-prefix-in-a-compound)

### EXAMPLES OF BINARY MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

CCl₄ = Carbon tetrachloride

N₂O₄ = Dinitrogen tetraoxide

BBr₃ = Boron tribromide

P₃I = Triphosphorus mono iodide

NO = Nitrogen monoxide

N₂O = Dinitrogen monoxide

S₂Cl₂ = Disulfur dichloride

Cl₂O₇ = Dichlorine heptoxide

## CONCLUSION:  

- A binary molecular compound is composed of two different types of non-metallic atoms that are covalently bound together by electron sharing.
- In binary compound formulations, non-metals are listed in the following order: C, P, N, S, H, Cl, O, F, Br, F.

### FAQs: 

__1. How do you know if a molecule is binary?__

To identify a compound, you must first determine what sort of compound it is by looking at its formula. Metal will always be the first element in the formula for a binary ionic compound, whereas a non-metal will always be the second.

__2. What is binary in chemistry?__

As a reaction between two non-metals, binary molecular compounds are created. Despite the absence of ions, these compounds are termed in the same way as binary ionic compounds.

__3. Is H₂O a binary molecule?__

H₂O is an example of binary compounds. Binary compounds are exactly two components; neither more nor less.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about Binary __Molecular Compounds__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our app to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## SOURCES

1. Binary Molecular Compounds: https://study.com/learn/lesson/binary-molecular-compounds-formula-list-prefixes.html Accessed 26 Feb 2022
2. Binary Molecular Covalent Compounds: https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-compound/Binary-molecular-covalent-compounds Accessed 26 Feb 2022
3. Binary Molecular Compounds: https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/binary-molecular-compounds-naming-and-formulas/lesson/Naming-Binary-Molecular-Compounds-CHEM/?referrer=concept_details Accessed 26 Feb 2022


A binary molecular compound is composed of two non-metal atoms covalently bound together by sharing electrons.


Binary Molecular Compounds: Naming and Formulas Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION

Did you know that it takes about three and a half hours to read the human protein’s chemical name Titin, which has 1,89,819 letters? So, it is difficult to write the chemical names, but with some rules, we can make it easy. Also, let’s study what ‘ite’ and ‘ate’ mean in chemistry. So, let’s make complicated things easy!

### POLYATOMIC IONS

Poly means many. So, polyatomic ions are ones that have more than one atom. Na (sodium) is a mono-atomic ion, while NH4  (ammonium) is a polyatomic ion as it has 5 atoms in total. Some more examples of polyatomic ions are carbonate(CO₃²⁻), hydroxide(OH-), phosphate (PO₃⁴⁻), hypochlorite (OCl-), etc. 
The 1 in NH₄ ion is the total charge on the ammonium ion, while -2 in CO₃²⁻ is the total charge present on all the atoms collectively.

Polyatomic ions are present everywhere:
- NaHCO₃, sodium bicarbonate, is used in cooking as well as an antacid. 
- NaHCO₃, sodium bicarbonate, is used in cooking as well as an antacid. 

![Common-Polyatomic-Ions](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/YpULdUqXcD4meBSqhQi6O/166a9540886924731bb48d1a2a6a6677/Guide-to-Common-Polyatomic-Ions.png)
[Source](https://www.compoundchem.com/2016/05/19/polyatomics/)

Polyatomic ions are formed by different atoms joined together by covalent bonds. Generally, there are more common polyatomic anions than cations. 
Some common polyatomic ions are:

![Polyatomic ions](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2P2kWX2B2nWtSYTeqQMyaD/49c5a1275e2e377fed275a944da15e4c/Polyatomic_ions.png)
[Source](http://skyridgescience.weebly.com/polyatomic-ion-sheet-metric-conversions.html)

### NAMING

For polyatomic ions such as OH-, the word hydroxide is used. Generally, the ‘ide’ suffix is used for mono-atomic ions, for example, chloride for Cl-.

For polyatomic ions, ‘ate’ or ‘ite’ suffixes are commonly used. For example, NO3- and NO₂- are named as nitrite and nitrate, respectively. 
Also, ClO₂- is called chlorite and ClO₃- as chlorate. 
These are examples of oxoanions. The oxoanion with fewer O atoms is given the suffix ‘ite’ while the one with more O atoms is given ‘ate.’ 
ClO- hypochlorite, ClO₂- chlorite, ClO₃- chlorate, ClO₄- perchlorate

In these cases, the ion with more O atoms is given the prefix ‘per’ as ClO4- perchlorate, and the one with fewer O atoms than its ‘ite’ counterpart is given the prefix ‘hypo’ as ClO- hypochlorite.

## CONCLUSION

- Polyatomic ions are the ones that have more than one atom. For example,  NH₄  (ammonium).
- The oxoanion with fewer O atoms is given the suffix ‘ite’ while the one with more O atoms is given ‘ate.’ 
- The ion with more O atoms is given the prefix ‘per’ as ClO₄- perchlorate, and the one with fewer O atoms than its ‘ite’ counterpart is given the prefix ‘hypo’ as ClO- hypochlorite.

### FAQs: 

__1. What is a polyatomic ion?__

Polyatomic ions are the ones that have more than one atom.

__2. Out of  NO₃- and NO₂- which one is nitrite?__

NO₂- is nitrite as it has fewer O atoms.

__3. What is the total charge on NH₄ ions?__

The total charge on NH₄ ions is 1.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Polyatomic Ions and Naming!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## SOURCES
1. Polyatomic Ions: https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/polyatomic-ions-naming-and-formulas/lesson/Polyatomic-Ions-CHEM/.Accessed 7th March 2022.
2. Polyatomic Ions: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/names-and-formulas-of-ionic-compounds/a/polyatomic-ions. Accessed 7th March 2022.
3. Ionic Compounds: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/03%3A_Molecules_Compounds_and_Chemical_Equations/3.05%3A_Ionic_Compounds-_Formulas_and_Names Accessed 7th march 2022.


 A polyatomic ion is an ion that has more than one atom, for example, NH₄


Polyatomic Ions - Naming and Formulas Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION: 
What is a base in chemistry? Basic compounds take protons, give away electrons, or release hydroxide ions in the aqueous phase. They neutralize acids by forming salts and water when they react with hydrogen ions. "Alkali” is a term for a base that dissolves in water. Bases play an important role in our day-to-day lives. Baking soda is a weak base common in our households, whereas drain cleaners are examples of strong bases.

![pH Scale](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/34vQePozHD2NHE7vp8FftE/50a3bbe5eb23632a97353b9e23f20239/Acids-and-bases-in-everday-life.jpg)
[Source](https://studiousguy.com/acids-and-bases-we-use-in-everyday-life/) 

### WHAT IS A BASE?

- The base is an ionic compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. 
- Bases are bitter and are slippery. 
- They have a pH greater than 7.

### NOMENCLATURE OF BASES:

- Hydroxide, a polyatomic ion (covalently bonded set of two or more atoms), is found in the most strong bases. As a result, strong bases are called according to the naming conventions for ionic compounds. 
- For instance, sodium hydroxide is NaOH, potassium hydroxide is KOH, and calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)₂. 
- The ionic nomenclature scheme is also used to designate weak bases constituted of ionic compounds. 
- Ammonium hydroxide, for instance, is NH₄OH.
- Because of their covalent connections, weak bases are frequently referred to as molecular or organic compounds. As a result, they are given names that fulfill the guidelines for naming molecular or chemical compounds.

### EXAMPLES OF EVERYDAY BASES

__ARRHENIUS BASES__

They produce hydroxide ions, which raise the hydroxide content in the water. Arrhenius bases can be found in a variety of items, including:

1. Cleaner for drains
2. Detergent for laundry
3. Grease lubricant
4. Alkaline batteries
5. Soaps and bath items
6. Baking soda

__BRØNSTED-LOWRY BASES__

Bronsted-Lowry bases are bases that receive protons from other molecules. Bronsted-Lowry bases can be found in the following goods:

1. Alkaline batteries with ammonia
2. Mouthwash
3. Pain relievers that are applied to the skin
4. Chewing gum 
5. Upholstery for furniture

__LEWIS BASES__

Lewis bases are electron-pair givers, whereas Lewis's acids are electron-accepting compounds. Here are some examples of bases.

1. Alcohol
2. Hair color
3. Tobacco smoke
4. Pesticides
5. Plaster
6. Epsom salts

![Common Bases](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2G42HhuveZdhrkto7lpX4D/c5b16976955e6a66956f726e7c3c74ff/553307a742dd4c7583a2b678a2022b6a.ashx)
[Source](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/chemistry/chemistry/acids-and-bases/two-types-of-bases)

## CONCLUSION:

- The base is an ionic compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.
- All the bases have hydroxide (OH‐) ions as anions, so their names end with hydroxide. The cations are simply the name of the other compound involved.
- Bases are bitter and are slippery. They have a pH greater than 7.
- Here are a few bases of your daily life. Laundry detergents, drain detergent, bathing soap, baking soda, toothpaste, mouth wash, oven cleaner.

### FAQs: 

__1. How do you name and write chemical formulas of bases?__

There is no particular system for naming a base. They all have hydroxide (OH‐) ions as anions, so their names end with hydroxide. The cations are simply the name of the other compound involved.

E.g., Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH
Ammonium Hydroxide - NH₄OH
Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)₂

__2. What are 10 common household bases?__

There are so many household bases. A few of them are:

- Baking soda
- Washing detergent
- Mouth wash
- Bathing soap
- Chewing gum
- Toothpaste
- Oven cleaner
- Drain cleaner 
- Bleach
- Cement

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Base naming and formulas__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun, VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## SOURCES:
1. 10 common household bases https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-are-10-common-household-bases/, Accessed on 15th Feb 2022.
2. Bases naming and formula https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/bases-naming-and-formulas/lesson/Names-and-Formulas-of-Bases-CHEM/. Accessed on 15th Feb 2022.


Bases are ionic compounds that produce hydroxide ions.


Bases - Naming and Formulas Study Guide

TL;DR Binary Ionic Compounds

TL;DR Binary Ionic Compounds Naming And Formulas

TL;DR Molecular Formula And Its Calculations

TL;DR Ternary Compounds

TL;DR Empirical Formula

Bases are ionic compounds that produce hydroxide ions! Let's dive into what they are all about!

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