Learn about how different factors are measured, the units they use, and how they’re analyzed with our study guides, cheatsheets, worksheets, and more to master measurement in chemistry!

Chemistry

Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the study of matter! Did you know that chemistry is also called “the central science,” because of its role in bridging physics with other natural sciences? Let's dive into learning more on the composition and the physical and chemical properties of various forms of matter!  

Society, health, food, welfare, microbes, diseases. Learn more about how these are essential for us humans with our interactive 3D models and study guides.

Learn about human physiology and complex organ systems with the help of our informative study guides and interactive 3D models.

Learn about acids and bases, calculating pH, strong and a weak acids and bases, titration experiments, and more using our library of gamified study guides, 3D models, and interactive simulations.

Explore modern atomic theory by performing the experiments that established it, build your own atom in 3D, and use study guides and gamified challenges to become an expert on atomic structure!

Explore how biology and chemistry intersect all the way down at the molecular level using our extensive library of 3D, interactive content!

Compare the five major types of chemical reactions and learn how to write them in a balanced equation using our comprehensive study guides, gamified challenges, and interactive simulations!

Learn the rules of chemical nomenclature with the help of clear and comprehensive study guides, gamified challenges, and plenty of practice problems to make you a chemical classification pro!

Dive into this unit to learn about the types properties, and shapes of covalent bonds and the theories we use to explain why through comprehensive study guides, 3D models, and interactive simulations. 

Learn about electrical potential, voltaic cells, electrolysis, redox reactions, and more with the help of our easy-to-read study guides, interactive 3D models, and simulations.

Have you ever wondered why the atoms of different elements behave differently? Find out the science behind it with the help of our gamified study guides, 3D models, and interactive simulations.

Dive deeper into the concepts of entropy and free energy by exploring our comprehensive library of interactive 3D models, study guides, simulations, and more!

Learn about reversible reactions, chemical equilibrium, product constants, and more—all with the help of our immersive 3D study guides, models, and simulations.

Dive into one of the most exciting fields in science to learn about the the structure, composition, properties, and reactive characteristics of matter, all in 3D!

Explore the characteristics and properties of ionic and metallic bonds in an entirely new way using study guides, practice problems, and 3D, interactive simulations.

Check out our library of 3D study guides and simulations to understand important concepts in chemical kinetics like collision theory, activation energy, reaction order, catalysts, and more!

Everything is made of matter, but what is matter anyway? Learn about its composition, properties, and states in 3D and watch how they change with the help of our interactive models and simulations!

Dive into nuclear chemistry and engage with its concepts at the atomic level using our interactive 3D models and simulations!

Master orgo with the help of our extensive, 3D-rich library of resources to learn all about the structure, properties, composition, and reactive tendencies of organic compounds.

Learn to identify a redox reaction and balance its chemical equation using our extensive library of interactive content to learn everything you need to know (and more) about oxidation-reduction reactions!

Learn about the laws of solubility, molarity, molality, dilution, and more by exploring our 3D study guides, then apply what you learn by making your own solution in an interactive 3D simulation!

Learn about the states of matter using our detailed study guides and interactive 3D simulations that won’t only tell you how it works, but show you too.

Learn about the relationship between the reactants and products of a chemical reaction with the help of our study guides, practice problems, and simulations to make stoichiometry calculations a breeze.

Visualize periodic trends, atomic behavior, 3D orbitals, and more using an all-in-one, interactive periodic table customized just for you.

Master the mole and all of its applications in chemistry in no time with the help of our detailed study guides, 3D models, simulations, practice calculations, and more!

Become an expert on the ideal gas laws by exploring how pressure, volume, temperature, and particle count affect the behavior of a gas using our interactive simulations and 360° 3D models!

Dive into the details of changes in energy during phase changes and chemical reactions and visualize how thermochemical processes work with the help of our 3D models and interactive simulations.

Water might not seem that special, but it’s actually a rather unusual molecule in the world of chemistry. Check out our library of study guides, 3D models, and interactive simulations to find out why!

Learn about human physiology and complex systems with the help of our interactive 3D models and informative study guides.

Why do the planets always revolve around the sun? Why hasn't there been a single instance where a planet has fallen? Find out with Inspirits interactive study guides, 3D models and simulations.

What do we think about when a vehicle collides with a wall? The damage caused? What about the transfer of energy? Use our interactive study guides and simulations and start thinking outside the box.

Prepare to get mind blown with our extensive set of resources to learn the concept of electric current. Take a look at our study guides, interactive 3D models, and simulations and pick your choice. 

Use 3D models to understand energy, voltage, and the flow of electric current in a circuit. Play around with the simulations and refer to the study guides for this topics to make learning fun.

A microwave oven and a telivision set require elctromagnetic radiation to function. Surprised? Walk into a world of such fascinating facts. Explore our 3D models, interactive study guides and simulations

Study about the unquie and fascinating concept of electromagnetism with our study guides and 3D models.

Have you heard of the scientist who ran naked on the road, shouting 'Eureka'? Want to know more about his discoveries that made him forget himself? Go visit our resourceful 3D library and learn more.

What are Laws of Motion? Who penned them down? Why are they important? Discover the answers to these and more questions with our user friendly study guides and associated 3D models.

Did you know, when bunjee jumping, a person undergoes simple harmonic motion? Learn more about this is this awesome unit which is loaded with 3D included, interactive study guides and simulations.

Why are the planets always orbiting around the sun? Check out our physics study guides, 3D models and simulations, to get these and many more questions answered. 

Enter the fascinating world of magnets with our popular 3D models. Our easy-to-read study guides explain complex concepts in a super simple way!

Explore the world of modern physics through these study guides and interactive 3D models. 

Check out our rich interactive study guides and 3D models, to learn the physics of basketball, golf, javellin throw, and any other topic related to motion in 2D!

Ever wondered why trees appear to be moving backwards while you zoom past them on a highway? It's beacuse of motion in one-dimension. Explore more using our 3D rich study guides and interactive models.

These study guides extensively cover the differnt concepts of optical physics, they are supported with a bunch of almost real looking interactive 3D models, ray diagrams and simulations too. 

Why is the wheel always circular? Why wasnt it designed as a square or a traingle? Let's use Inspirit's extensive 3D rich library to learn more.

Do you own a pair of scissors, a jar with a lid and a bottle opener? Want to know how these are part of world of machines? Check out study guides, 3D models and simulations. 

Is sound and noise the same thing? Maybe yes, maybe no. Let's learn more with these study guides, interactive 3D models and more.

Explore the different cpncepts of static electricity with these interactive study guides, 3D models and simulations.

When a solid substance is heated, the particels vibrate and take up more space, causing expansion. Fascinating right??  Discover fun facts like this in our study guides and interactive 3D models.

AP Bio

CBSE Bio

General Chemistry

General Bio

General Physics 

Biology

Physics

Model Build for Old Breakable Models

Osmium Thumbnail

Osmium

## INTRODUCTION

Calculators🧮 exactly perform what you want them to do, nothing more and nothing less. They can occasionally get out of hand. Suppose you multiply 1.23 by 5.2, you obtain 6.396, a value that ignores the number of significant numbers in either number 🤔. Using a calculator for significant figures gets more complicated.

![Significant figure](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/l1y9cms7mO8EgUVm5O1bE/ba71ac6cdcc3241b5f669c44f74dcfcb/Significant_figure.png)
[Source](https://blog.naver.com/PostView.naver?blogId=doctor91206&logNo=20197396369&parentCategoryNo=&categoryNo=1&viewDate=&isShowPopularPosts=true&from=search)

### ROUNDING

We must be able to round numbers correctly before dealing with the technicalities of the procedures for determining the significant digits in a calculated result. Decide how many significant figures a number should have before rounding it. Once you have it, start rounding to that many digits from the left. 

If the number immediately to the right of the final significant digit is less than 5, it is ignored, and the last significant digit's value remains unchanged. The last significant digit is incremented by one if the number immediately to its right is larger than or equal to 5.

### MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION UNCERTAINTY

The density of an object is determined by multiplying its mass by its volume. Consider dividing a mass of 32.46 g by a volume of 10.7 cm3. On a calculator, the result would be:

D = m/V = 37.46 g / 12.7 cm³ = 3.03364486299 g/cm³

The value of the mass measurement contains four significant numbers, but the value of the volume measurement only has three. The answer should be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the least number of significant figures in multiplication and division problems. 

This rule yields a density of 3.033 g/cm³ with three significant numbers, the same as the volume measurement. The same is the case in the multiplication of significant figures.

![Multiplication and Division Rule](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/3CqousdJR4WzLGtnpcS2CX/f3f93f2368f7e8b718953b8821e4d35e/1-1-sigfigs--.009.png)
[Source](https://waiferx.blogspot.com/2015/07/presentation-significant-figures.html)

### USE THE FOLLOWING SIGNIFICANT RULES FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

- Count the number of significant figures in each integer in the problem's decimal part ONLY.
- In the usual way, add or subtract.
- No more significant figures to the right of the decimal in your final solution than the LEAST number of significant figures in any number in the problem.

![Addition and Subtraction Rules](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/3EIyl5OU77UUYUboNa6ekL/f6ff8630fe5f4c55c29716373601cbaa/1-1-sigfigssamepower.001.jpeg)
[Source](https://waiferx.blogspot.com/2015/07/presentation-significant-figures.html)

## CONCLUSION:

- The answer should be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the least number of significant figures in multiplication and division problems.
- Count the number of significant figures in each problem just in the decimal portion. In the usual way, add or subtract. No more significant figures to the right of the decimal in your final solution than the LEAST number of significant figures in any number in the problem.

### FAQs:

__1. What is the rule for significant figures when multiplying?__

Use the following rule for multiplication and division: The number of significant figures in the response is determined by the LEAST number of significant figures in any number in the problem.

__2. Do you add significant figures when multiplying?__

No, we do not add significant figures when multiplying.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Significant Figures in Multiplication and Division__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## SOURCE:     
1. Significant Figures in Multiplication and Division. https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/significant-figures-in-multiplication-and-division/lesson/Uncertainty-in-Multiplication-and-Division-CHEM/. Accessed 18 Feb 2022.


When performing mathematical operations on measured values with significant figures (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), you must follow a set of rules to identify the significant figures for the result.


Significant Figures in Multiplication and Division Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION

In daily life, the terms mass and weight are often used interchangeably. For students of science, however, it’s crucial to understand the difference. We associate mass and weight with the measurement of how heavy an object is. While this can be a fundamental explanation, there are many details involved. This guide talks about mass and weight and the key differences between them. 

### WHAT IS MASS?

Every object in this universe is made of matter, which in turn is made of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. One of the basic properties of matter is that it has a mass. Mass is one of the fundamental quantities in physics, and it is defined as the amount of matter in a particular body. 

The international standard unit of mass, or the SI unit, is the Kilogram (Kg). It is crucial to remember that the mass of a body remains constant at all times. However, in certain rare cases like a nuclear reaction, some amount of mass is converted into energy. Therefore, the mass of the substance reduces.

### WHAT IS WEIGHT?

Weight is also one of the fundamental quantities in physics. The definition of weight in chemistry is the amount of gravitational force acting on it. Since weight is a measure of force, the SI unit of weight is Newton. 

To find out the weight of a body, we multiple its mass with acceleration due to gravity. Hence, the formula comes out to be, w = mg. Now, in this instant equation, the mass of the body remains constant, but the acceleration due to gravity is variable because it can change from place to place. 

When you stand at the North Pole, you experience more weight than a person standing at the equator. The mass of both people here remains the same but acceleration due to gravity changes. 

There are two reasons for this:

- Earth is not perfectly spherical, so the person at the equator is farther from Earth's center than the person at the North Pole.
- The acceleration due to gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two objects.

### WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MASS AND WEIGHT IN CHEMISTRY? 

![DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MASS AND WEIGHT](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/7fkz1MWn7ewVsFAyT4QRwM/46a381ec0d05a07c22ff7d906c0aea66/mass-or-weight-29-12-1.jpg)
[Source](https://www.konnecthq.com/mass-and-weight/)

Let's make a list of properties of both these quantities to understand the basic differences between them.

![Mass-vs-Weight](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4WAzgaZrxjPRYhlrHmiAqf/ae67bea7080c4a908388b712b340841e/Mass-vs-Weight.jpg)
[Source](https://sciencenotes.org/mass-vs-weight-the-difference-between-mass-and-weight/)

__Mass:__

- Mass of a body can never be zero.
- Mass only has magnitude, so it is a scalar quantity.
- Mass does not change with location; it remains constant at all times.
- You can use a common balance to measure the mass of a body.
- The SI unit of mass in grams (g) and kilograms (kgs).

__Weight:__

- The weight of a body can be zero, like in space where there is no force of gravity, so a person experiences weightlessness.
- Weight is a vector quantity because it has magnitude as well as direction.
- Weight of a body changes with location.
- Weight is usually measured using a spring balance.
The SI unit of weight is Newton. 

## CONCLUSION: 

- Mass is one of the basic properties of matter.
- The mass of a body is the measurement of the amount of matter in it.
- The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
- The mass of a body remains constant at all times.
- Weight is the measurement of the amount of gravitational force acting on a body.
- The SI unit of weight is (N) Newton.
- The weight of a body depends on the location as the acceleration due to gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two objects.
- There are five basic differences between mass and weight, which are thoroughly listed above. 

### FAQs: 

__1. What is the difference between mass and weight?__

The mass of a body is the amount of matter in it, whereas the weight of a body is the measurement of gravitational force acting on it. 

__2. What are the three differences between mass and weight?__

We can write the following points when we state the difference between mass and weight: 

- The SI unit of mass is Kilogram, whereas the SI unit of weight is Newton.
- Mass of a body remains constant, whereas weight changes with the place. This is how mass and weight are related.
- Mass only has magnitude, and it is a scalar quantity, whereas weight has magnitude and direction, so it is a vector quantity. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Mass And Weight__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## SOURCES: 

1. Mass and Weight: https://byjus.com/physics/mass-and-weight/.Accessed 28 Feb 2022
2. Mass and Weight: https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/mass-and-weight/lesson/SI-Mass-and-Weight-Units-CHEM/.Accessed 28 Feb 2022 


The mass of a body is the amount of matter contained within it, while the weight of a body is the force acting on it due to acceleration due to gravity. This is the primary difference between mass and weight in chemistry. 

Difference Between Mass and Weight

## INTRODUCTION 

The precision of any number can be communicated by significant figures. Significant figures use different numbers of digits to express the level of precision of a measurement. Use this significant figures crash course to help you learn more about how they work! 

### WHAT ARE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

A significant figure is the number of digits in the obtained value after rounding off the decimal values. They are often referred to as a quick measurement that contributes to the accuracy level of the value. Zero is said to be an insignificant figure; significant values begin with the first non-zero digit of a number. The number of significant figures obtained after rounding up is called the precision of the number. 

![significant-digits](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4bElDBorq4w2i8tlQqoyJp/eca64b62113f637cbfb5ce52d45dc526/significant-digits.svg)
[Source](https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/significant-digits.html)

### CONVERSION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

The conversion of significant figures is easy with the use of a calculator. To do it manually, there are a few simple rules to follow.

- __All non-zero digits are significant figures.__ The number 22.45 has four significant figures because all of its digits are non-zero.
- __Zeros found between non-zero digits are significant figures.__ The number 2003 has 4 significant figures because the zeros are between the non-zero digits 2 and 3. 
- __Leading zeros are not significant figures.__ The number 0.14 has 2 significant figures, as does 0.014, 0.0014, and so on.
- __Trailing zeros are significant figures, but only to the right of the decimal point.__ There are 4 significant figures in 4.000.
- __Trailing zeros in a whole number are significant only if followed by a decimal point.__ The number 6000 only has one significant figure, but 6000. has 4.
- __For a number in scientific notation N x 10x, only the digits comprising N are significant.__ 3.45 x 102 and 3.45 x 103 both have 3 significant figures.

## CONCLUSION

- The significant figures refer to the part, which includes the single-digit numbers from 0 to 9 as the coefficient in expression. 
- Significant figures follow a certain set of rules and accurately work on them. 
- In precision, when the measurement level gets repeated, it gives out the identical result, and the individual measured results agree with each other. 

### FAQs

__1. What are the 5 Rules of significant figures?__

Five rules are:

- All non-zero digits are significant.
- Between two non-zero digits, if any zero is placed, it is significant.
- Leading zeros are insignificant.
- Trailing zeros without any decimal is insignificant.
- Any number with scientific notation is said to be significant.

__2. How do you do significant figures easily?__

Significant figures are non-zero digits, which do not count any leading or trailing zeros. To easily do the crash course sig figs, maintain the identical significant figures while going through the decimal and scientific notations. Other ways to do them are by following pacific and Atlantic rules. 

__3. What are the rules for counting significant figures?__

- If the next digit to the number is more than or equal to five, then the number is rounded up, while if it is less than five, the number is rounded down.
- In multiplication and division, maintain the same significant figures. 
- In addition or subtraction, maintain the same number of decimal places.

__4. How do you teach significant figures?__

Significant figures used in unit conversion Chemistry help one teach and understand them. If you want to round up the 489 to the one significant figure, you can easily obtain 500 as the significant value. For example, is 0.00034 a significant figure? We can say that the zeros to the left side are always considered an insignificant value, and thus only 34 is the significant figure in this value. 

![Rules-of-significant-figures](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6EfRNHDBMB3nVTGdTZTjd6/fc27fa92e5aa5b7408f274eb5d8b57a8/rules-of-significant-figures-2-1619610384.png)
[Source](https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/significant-figures/) 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about the Significant Figures Crash Course! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our app to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## SOURCES:

1. Significant Figures: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/significant-figures/. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.
2. Significant Digits Definition: https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/significant-digits.html. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.
3. Significant Figures: https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/significant-figures/. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.
4. Significant Figures: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/significant-figures/. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.
5. Significant Figures: https://byjus.com/maths/significant-figures/.Accessed 28 Feb 2022.


This study guide on significant figures teaches one how to use significant figures in a measurement. Refer to this guide to know more.  


Significant Figures Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION 

Have you seen a log of wood floating on the surface of the water? Have you ever successfully been able to mix oil and water? Well, everything that we can see in our daily lives is due to the weight and density of the substance. As the density of wood is lower than water, it can freely float on the water. The same goes for the oil, which does not get mixed or dissolved in water. Now the question arises — what is density? So let’s briefly look at the density and some density problems in chemistry.

![density](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/VhwBvWre4gGXoLXAGhdDt/499fdaad38d77928a79fd13ba42dfd66/density.png)
[Source](https://theengineeringmindset.com/density-explained/)

### DENSITY: DEFINITION 

Density is defined as mass per unit volume, i.e.; we can find out the density of a substance if we divide the mass by the volume of the substance. 

The formula is: D = M / V

It is easier to find the volume of regular shape objects like cubes, cones, triangles, etc., using the formulas. But, for irregularly shaped objects, it is not very easy. Hence, the best way is to use the irregular-shaped object to displace a liquid medium, be it water, mercury, etc., and get the value of the displaced liquid. That will specify the volume of the shape.

![density-formula](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/wEEpieJ126mu2S9c99TaK/81e2de93aa6d197812f0424c50090b8e/density-formula.png)
[Source](https://www.priyamstudycentre.com/2020/06/density-formula.html)

### STEPS TO THE CALCULATED DENSITY OF AN OBJECT

It is easier to calculate the density of an object if you are aware of the mass and volume. But you need to remember these steps before solving the problem:

__Step 1:__ Read the problem sum thoroughly. See what the questions want you to find out.

__Step 2:__ Check the units of the given data. Check if the question has specified you to an in any other unit.

__Step 3:__ Do the required conversions.

__Step 4:__ Then, put the values and find out the density. 

Let us try out some of the density practice problems!

### DENSITY PRACTICE PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY

You have a sample of granite with a density of 2.8 g/cm³. The density of water is 2.0 g/cm³. What is the specific gravity of your granite?

Solution: Specific gravity is the density of the substance divided by the density of water.

Specific Gravity =  Density object / density of water

Specific Gravity = 2.8 / 2 = 1.4

The units get canceled out; hence, specific gravity is unitless.

### FAQs:

__1. How do you solve density problems in chemistry?__

- Firstly, as you know, the formula of density which is mass per unit volume, 
D = M / V, use this formula in the problems.
- Secondly, You should check the mass and unit of the volume and then solve the problem. 

__2. You have a rock with a volume of 18 cm3 and a mass of 45 g. What is its density?__

Density = Mass / Volume

D = 45 g / 18 cm³ = 2.5 g / cm³

__3. A solution of water and salt contains 35 g of salt in 350 mL of water. What is the density of saltwater? (Use density of water = 1 g/mL)__

Given: 

Mass of salt = 35 g

The volume of water = 350 mL

Let us find out the mass of water: 

The density of water = Mass of water/volume of water

 Mass of water = density of water x volume of water

∴ Mass of water = 1 x 350 = 350 g

Total mass of the solution = mass of salt mass of water

Total mass of the solution = 35 350 = 385 g

Volume of the solution = 350 mL

∴ density of salt water = 385 / 350 = 1.1 g/mL

The density of saltwater is 1.1 g.mL.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Density__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## SOURCES

1. How to Calculate Density?: https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-calculate-density-609604#:~:text=Key%20Takeaways%3A%20How%20to%20Calculate%20Density&text=The%20density%20equation%20is%20density,proper%20mass%20and%20volume%20units.Accessed 7th March 2022.
2. Density: https://serc.carleton.edu/mathyouneed/density/densitysp.html. Accessed 7th March 2022.


Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. 

Density Study Guide

# Introduction

A base unit is the most elementary unit in the system of measurement. For example, an inch is a unit of length, and a meter is also a unit of length. 'Derived units' are those units that are obtained as a result of a process in which more than one base unit is manipulated with derived units between each other.

## DERIVED UNIT – DEFINITION AND EXAMPLE
In SI units, derived units are measure units that have been derived from more than one base unit. The derived units either lack dimension or are the products of the base units. For example, the derived unit of force is Newton (N).

## SYMBOLS AND NAMES OF DERIVED UNIT
Lowercase is used for all derived unit names. In general, the names are combinations of the base units, but there are 22 derived units with special names. Whenever a unit is named after a person, it begins with a capital letter.

## DERIVED UNITS EXAMPLE
The derived units are named after scientists, as some examples, the hertz, the watt, and the coulomb. These units are represented by Hz, W, and C, respectively. In addition to meters per second, cubic meters and joules per kelvin are examples of derived units.

## TOTAL DERIVED UNITS 
Radians (radian) and steradians (sr) are among 22 derived units. Additionally, there are over 100 other units whose value is determined by the values of their bases.

## TABLE OF 22 SI DERIVED UNITS 

![derived unit](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4yWJ6Rpcw2QMWOKPu1xjZr/d2d5983445f89747f1bee4a3820bb8a8/main-qimg-822d2b0d4f0a72890a0201839c40e079-pjlq)
[Source](https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-table-of-22-SI-derived-units-of-measurements-in-physics)

## DERIVED UNITS AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Dimensional analysis is a method of converting from one unit to another. It is also sometimes called a unit conversion.

In some cases, important to manage estimations that are tiny (as in the size of a molecule) or extremely enormous (as in quantities of iotas). In these cases, it is generally expected important to change over between units of metric estimation. For instance, a mass estimated in grams might be more advantageous to work with on the off chance that it was communicated in mg (10-3g). Changing over between metric units is called unit analysis or dimensional analysis.

There are many other derived units that are mathematical combinations of SI base units but without special names. Some examples are as follows :

![derived](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2lK9KC2nUWKcLmLdtuNZYb/5cb8f29e7fc69f5ae7315220811a9b1a/Base-Quantities-and-Derived-Quantities-Definition-Units-Examples-1.jpg)
[Source](https://www.aplustopper.com/understanding-base-quantities-derived-quantities/)

It is important to note that many derived units lack special symbols.

Dimensional analysis should be used when modifying units or converting them to other units. The process of squaring or cubing units, in this case, area and volume, also squares conversion factors.

As an example, changing cubic meters over to cubic centimeters:
(100 cm/1 m)3 = 100 cm3/1 m3 = 1000000 cm3/1 m3

# CONCLUSION
- A derived unit is a unit that outcomes from a numerical combination of SI base units.
- Calculations involving derived units follow similar standards as other unit conversion calculations.

## FAQs
__1. What are the 7 derived units?__

Seven base SI units are:
Length: m (meter)
Mass: kg (kilogram)
Time: s (second)
Electric Current: A (Ampere)
Thermodynamic Temperature: K (degrees Kelvin)
Amount of Substance: mol (mole)
Luminous Intensity: cd (candela)

__2. What are derived units? Give an example?__

Units that are derived from the fundamental units are called derived units. For example, an inch is a unit of length, and a meter is a unit of length.

__3. How many derived units are there?__

A total of 22 derived units exist, including the dimensionless radian (radan) and steradian (sr). There are also more than 100 other derived units whose value is expressed in terms of their base units.

__4. What are the 10 derived quantities?__

![units](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1ztW5eDWyL1QrkVwO1o91s/c8f24b329aeee336b52262706033b82d/R34Zm1H.jpg)
[Source](https://www.brainkart.com/article/SI-System-of-Units_35753/)

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Derived Units__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun! 😎* 

## Sources  
1. Converting from One Unit to Another: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/converting-from-one-unit-to-another/.Accessed 26th March 2022. 
2. What is a Derived Unit? https://sciencenotes.org/what-is-a-derived-unit-definition-and-examples/ Accessed 26th March 2022.

Units that are derived from the fundamental units are called derived units. We can obtain these measurement units by multiplying or dividing base units.

Derived Unit Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION
When you need to measure any item, you may not always get the measurement right the first time you measure it. Take a tennis court 🎾, for instance, where dimensions have to be accurate. The markings or lines drawn in white need to be painted with total accuracy as the slightest difference can lead to major tournament upsets! 😱

Say you and your pals were asked to measure the court, and each of you found a different measurement 🤐 That’s an error in the measurements. Subtracting the found measurement from the actual size, dividing it by the actual size, and then multiplying by 100 would net you the percent error 🏅   

![tennis-court-dimensions](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6RYPlThyhtiAjZX7OhDHfI/76445e1f94ee490b739d381c7397397b/tennis-court-dimensions.png)
[Source](https://tennis-uni.com/en/tennis-court/)

### CAN A PERCENT ERROR BE NEGATIVE?

Percent error compares the experimental figure obtained to the known or actual value. It is also known as absolute error, and the lesser it is, the closer you are to the known value. 

Therefore, the difference between the experimental and the actual value is the error.

Error = Experimental figure – Known value.

When the experimental figure obtained is lower than the known value, the answer will be negative. If the experimental figure is more than the actual figure, the answer will be positive. 

Therefore, Percent error may be calculated as,
% Error = (Experimental figure – Known value)/Known Value X  100                                      
For example, you are performing an experiment to calculate the density of a piece of aluminum. The known density for this metal is 2.70g/cm3. But after experimenting, you find the density to be 2. 32g/cm3, which is lower than the known figure. The percent error can be calculated as follows.

    % Error = (2.32 g/cm3 – 2.70 g/cm3) / 2.70 g/cm3 X 100 = 14.07%

Therefore the percent error is calculated as 14.07%.

## CONCLUSION:

- If the calculated value after performing the experiment is almost close to the known value, the percent error can be zero.
- Error is usually calculated as the absolute value so that there is no room for confusion. 

### FAQs:

__1. Is negative percent error possible?__

If the experimental figure obtained is lower than the accepted known figure, the percent error is negative. But since the final version has to be reported, the positive value is considered, so the final value cannot be negative. 

__2. What happens if you have a negative percent error?__

Even if the experimental figure is obtained as a negative value, it is reported as the absolute value, so the final answer will not be negative.

__3. Are percent errors always positive?__

Percent errors are always reported as absolute values even if the experimental values are negative.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about the __Percent error__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## SOURCES:

1. Percent Error. https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/percent-error/lesson/Percent-Error-CHEM/. Accessed 17 January 2022.
2. Percent Error. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/03%3A_Measurements/3.13%3A_Percent_Error. Accessed 17 January 2022.
3. Percent Error. https://www.expii.com/t/percent-error-definition-examples-4253. Accessed 17 January 2022.
4. Can Percent Error Be a Negative Number? https://www.reference.com/world-view/can-percent-error-negative-number-367cee25ac338cc4. Accessed 17 January 2022.

Percent error is the difference between the measured value and the true value, as a percentage of true value.


Percent Error Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION

It is nearly impossible to catch a squirrel while it is in action. On top of their flexible small bodies, their motions are exceedingly rapid. They are often characterized to be 'full of energy. 

Unlike our many other everyday statements, this is surprisingly correct on chemical and physical levels. The definition of kinetic energy in chemistry, of an object, is the measure of the work it does due to its motion. Kinetic energy is used in everyday activities such as walking, climbing, tossing, and dropping.

![Squirrel - kinetic energy](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/7wC8cuDdgIoCZv7e4BViOf/a6e92679a40e15b9068b18967b80d7b2/Peanut.jpg)
[Source](https://sites.google.com/site/squirrelsandmuchmore/)   

### KINETIC ENERGY

The capacity to do work or produce heat is defined as energy.

We must apply force to accelerate an object, and we must work in order to apply force. Energy is transferred when work is done on an object, and the object moves at a new constant speed. The energy transferred is known as kinetic energy, and it is determined by the mass and speed reached.

### HOW IS KINETIC ENERGY MEASURED?

Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity that can only be defined in terms of magnitude. The kinetic energy is measured in Joule (J), which is equivalent to 1 kg.m².s-².

The kinetic energy equation is given as:

![Kinetic Energy](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/7GN6FsMuq9WgXbfqRRqbgZ/59d42e754484424ad645591c6245f107/Kinetic_Energy.png)

Where K is the kinetic energy, m is the body's mass, and v is the body's velocity.

### EXAMPLES OF KINETIC ENERGY 

Because of its mass, a truck travelling down the road has much more kinetic energy than a car travelling at the same velocity.

Because water has a specific velocity and mass, a river moving at a certain speed contains kinetic energy.

![formula-of-kinetic-energy](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2AkP2ekAxnbwK7tkWZ2aEn/fa346311df3ba491c70eb659d7eab3dd/formula-of-kinetic-energy.png)
[Source](https://www.javatpoint.com/formula-of-kinetic-energy)

### POTENTIAL ENERGY 

Potential energy is defined as the energy that an object possesses due to its position relative to other objects, internal tensions, electric charge, or other causes.

When a spring is pushed from its equilibrium position, it gains energy, which we notice as stress on our hands when we stretch it. Potential energy is defined as a type of energy that results from a change in its location or state. The SI unit of potential energy is kg m² / s² and is measured in Joule (J).

The general formula of potential energy is
(Potential Energy) W = m.g.h, 
where m is the mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height. 

## CONCLUSION: 

- The capacity to do work or produce heat is defined as energy.
- Kinetic energy is the energy released as a result of motion.
- Potential energy is the amount of energy that is stored in materials.
- The SI unit of energy is kg m² / s² and is measured using Joule (J).

### FAQs:

__1. How do you calculate kinetic energy in chemistry?__ 

Kinetic energy can be calculated using the formulae KE = 1/2 mv²

__2. What are three kinetic energy examples?__ 

The three examples of kinetic energy are:

- A river flowing at a certain speed
- The energy of an asteroid falling towards earth
- A speeding bullet

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Chemical Kinetic Energy__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## SOURCES:
1. Types of Energy: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/types-of-energy/. Accessed 22 Feb 2022.
2. Kinetic Energy: https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/kinetic-energy/lesson/SI-Kinetic-Energy-Units-CHEM/. Accessed 22 Feb 2022.


Energy exists in both fixed and dynamic states of matter.
 


Kinetic Energy In Chemistry Study Guide

Check out awesome, educational VR rooms on Inspirit's mobile app (available for [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/inspirit-learn-biology/id1563066201) and [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.inspirit.learnerapp&hl=en&gl=US) devices)🤩

## INTRODUCTION 

Now that "everybody" has a calculator that can calculate up to six or eight (or more) figures, we must understand that every time we have to take some measurements, going into that much accuracy could be a cumbersome process even frustrating sometimes. Imagine going to a milkman and asking him for 989.6745 ml of milk. No matter your intentions, it's pretty certain that he will give you a weird look. In day-to-day life, this level of accuracy is neither needed nor practically possible. This significant figure helps us simplify these numbers.
What are significant figures?

- To establish the number that is provided in the form of digits, significant figures are needed. 
- These digits represent numbers in a meaningful way. Counting all the numbers starting with the first non-zero digit on the left will reveal the number of significant figures. 
- These figures are accurate and required for expressing the quantities of a length, volume, mass, measurement, and so on. 
- When calculating significant values, mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are utilized.

### RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

There are several principles that must be observed and recalled while measuring the important numbers of a computed value.

1. Except for zero, all digits are always significant. 894621, for example, has six significant digits.
2. In between two non-zero numbers, any zeros are significant. 10.007, for instance, has five significant digits.
3. When zeros appear to the right-hand side of a decimal place and to the left-hand side of a non-zero number, they have no significance. 0.0012, for instance, has two significant digits.
4. It is significant if zeros are put to the right of the decimal, and there is no non-zero digit following that. 80.00, for example, has four significant digits.
5. When it comes to measurements, zeros positioned to the right of the final non-zero digit are significant. 3560 m, for instance, has four significant figures.

![Significant figures](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/5y437NGKLD13Kj7bZo3ZB0/3a8be71c5499f46224cf99953ac8b2ef/0_nVV1hjlffviPeBN2.png)
[Source](https://medium.com/all-math-before-college/significant-figures-significant-digits-19d7644eb652)

### WHEN IT COMES TO MULTIPLICATION, THE PRECEDING RULE APPLIES

- The number of significant figures in the response is determined by the least number of significant figures in any integer in the issue.
- This means that in order to apply this rule, you must be able to distinguish significant figures.

__Example 1.__   2.5 x 3.42

The solution to this issue is 8.6 (rounded up from the calculator reading of 8.55). Why?
There are two significant figures in 2.5, but three in 3.42. Because two significant figures are less precise than three, the answer has two.

### SIGNIFICANT FIGURES MULTIPLICATION

- In multiplication, the principle that regulates the use of significant numbers is that the final outcome can only be as exact as the least precise measurement. 
- Nevertheless, we tally the significant figures in each measurement rather than the number of decimal places in this scenario: When observations are multiplied, the result can only have the least accurate measurement as a significant figure.

![Significant Digits](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/5I8tH9Z6vYOCiGbTIIhFP2/017f1c3715d3e17e860cdce909a7b7a9/sigFigRules.gif)
[Source](http://chemsite.lsrhs.net/measurement/sig_fig.html)

## CONCLUSION: 

1. To establish the number that is provided in the form of digits, significant figures are needed.  
2. The number of significant figures in the response is determined by the least number of significant figures in any quantity in the question.

### FAQs:  

__1. What is the rule for sig figs when multiplying?__

Use the following rule for multiplication and division: The number of significant figures in the response is determined by the least number of significant figures in any quantity in the question.

__2. How do you do sig figs with multiple operations?__

Retain at least one more significant figure in interim findings than you'll need in your final solution when completing multi-step calculations. For instance, if a final result demands two significant figures, all calculations should use at least three significant figures.

__3.  What rule should be used if multiple operations are applied to determine the number of significant figures in a calculated result or measurement?__

When multiplying or dividing, the rule would be that the final conclusion should get the same number of significant figures as the value with the fewest significant figures.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Significant figures in Multiplication__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## SOURCES:

1. Significant Figure Rules:http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kekule/SignificantFigureRules1 Accessed 16 march 2022
2. Significant Figures:https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/significant-figures/ Accessed 16 march 2022
3. Significant Figures:https://byjus.com/maths/significant-figures/ Accessed 16 march 2022


To establish the number that is provided in the form of digits, significant figures are needed.