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gravity force simulation screenshot

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AP Bio

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General Chemistry

General Bio

General Physics 

Biology

Chemistry

Physics

# Introduction
When we consider how incredibly huge the gorgeous sky above us can be, it's hard to believe the enormity. As a fact, the Sun is the closest star to us out of about 200 billion trillion stars in the cosmos! When contrasted to other stars in the universe, it is a tiny star. The Sun and everything that orbits it make up our Solar System. Let's take a closer look at orbital motion.

![orbit](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/28sFgHV8RkHEzw13jhn2N0/8558b63896aa3dfe68b826a23e7af818/iStock-910174036_687_457_80_c1.jpg)
[Source ](https://www.teachwire.net/news/8-solar-system-facts-to-wow-students)

## ORBITAL MOTION 

- We know that the meaning of __motion__ is the change of the position of a body with time. 
- This change in position is also observed in the __orbital motion__ of the earth around the sun. 
- The definition of orbital motion states that when a planetary body moves forward while being dragged by gravity toward another body, it is said to be in orbital motion. 
- This motion can also be understood with the concept of how an object stays in a __magnetic field__. 
- The meaning of magnetic moment is, in fact, the tendency of a body to align in a magnetic field. 

- Gravitational interaction causes two bodies to orbit each other around their center of mass, with the less large mass following a bigger orbit. 
- Outside these bodies or within the more large body, the center of mass can be found.
- The solar system's center of mass is just outside the visible disc of the Sun. 

## AN EXAMPLE OF THE ORBITAL MOTION OF THE MOON AROUND THE EARTH 

- Since the moon is far closer to earth than the sun, it is influenced by earth's gravity more than the sun's. 
- The moon is drawn closer to the earth by the gravitational attraction between the two bodies. 
- At the same time, the moon has a forward motion that partially offsets the gravitational pull of the earth. 
- As a result, the moon circles earth rather than dropping into the earth's crust.

![moon](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/16hIaanvAvTTXBQ2Wzjr5K/0e964cb7e97016769a4acee6747d029f/gravitation_orbital_motion_relative_moon.gif)
[Source ](https://www.school-for-champions.com/science/gravitation_orbital_motion_relative.htm#.YmFUctpBy5c)

The __orbital velocity__ is an important orbital motion equation that enables us to find the velocity at which a body revolves around another body. The orbital velocity is represented as 

__V orbit = √GM/ R__ 

Where, 
__G__ is the gravitational constant,

__M__ is the mass of the body, and

__R__ = radius of the orbit.

# SUMMARY 

- Orbital motion is the motion of planetary bodies moving forward while being dragged by gravity toward another body.
- Gravitational interaction causes two bodies to orbit each other around their center of mass, with the less large mass following a bigger orbit. 
- The orbital velocity is represented as V orbit = √GM/ R. 

## FAQs

__Q. What is orbital motion a combination of?__

Orbital motion is a combination of a body’s forward velocity and the gravitational pull towards another body. 

__Q. What is the orbital motion of the galaxy?__

The orbital motion of the galaxy is the rotational motion of the planetary bodies around another body, influenced by a forward velocity and a gravitational pull.

__Q. What is circular orbital motion?__

Circular orbital motion is the movement of the earth and other planetary bodies around the sun.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Orbital Motion!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE
1. Orbital Motion: https://www.ck12.org/physics/orbital-motion/lesson/Orbital-Motion-MS-PS/?referrer=concept_details. Accessed 11th April 2022.
2. Orbital Mechanics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_mechanics. Accessed 11th April 2022.

Planets are kept in motion in their orbits by their orbital motions. 

Orbital Motion Study Guide

# Introduction
Thousands of particles of debris orbit Earth with many artificial satellites. From the dawn of time, mankind has been fascinated by the moon's orbit around Earth. Planetary systems, asteroids, meteors, and comets all have intriguing orbits around the sun. We can observe practically incalculable numbers of stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies orbiting one other and interacting through gravity if we look further.

![GALAXY](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6lrGQLer2jceGZNf6tLjIs/d6ae95506fb2755476acfcd4cf475ba2/Incoming.jpg)
[Source](https://astronomy.com/magazine/greatest-mysteries/2019/07/45-will-the-milky-way-merge-with-another-galazy)

## THE PLANETARY MOTIONS AND THEIR NATURE 

The definition of __planetary motion__ states the motion of the planets in a sun-centered planetary system. The __orbital motions__ of planets and other celestial bodies in our solar system are straightforward in nature and can be described by a few simple laws.

- The mass of the orbiting object is less than the mass of the object it orbits
- The system is isolated from other bodies. 

## THE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION BY KEPLER

- __Kepler’s first law of planetary motion__ implies that each planet's orbit around the sun is an ellipse with the sun at one of the foci. 
- Perihelion is the planet's closest point to the sun, and aphelion is the planet's furthest distance from the sun.

![axis](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1NnETvEwUQJXML6RxK4O1H/dbe7cfc62c398ebfc8e83b3e38b02065/glo_kepler1.gif)
[Source](https://www.aanda.org/glossary/198-keplers-laws)

- __Kepler’s second law of planetary motion__ states that each planet moves in such a way that an imaginary line made from the sun to the planet sweeps out the same amount of area in the same amount of time. 
- For example, if an imaginary line was formed from the earth to the sun, the region swept out by the line would be the same for every 31-day period.
![kepler](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4IIOZdz0FX59ii9Itj6KJj/6bdb87a85276196d7c1c5d97f6d36e72/glo_kepler2.gif)
[Source](https://www.aanda.org/glossary/198-keplers-laws) 

- __Kepler’s third law of planetary motion__ relates a planet's orbital period and radius to other planets. 
- The third law, unlike Kepler's first and second principles, compares the motion characteristics of distinct planets. 
- The contrast is that for each of the planets, the ratio of the squares of their periods to the cubes of their average distances from the sun is the same.

This Kepler’s law of planetary motion’s equation is 

__T12 / T22 = R13/ R2.3__, 

where __T__ is the time for one orbit and __R__ is the orbital radius.

# SUMMARY 

- Every planet moves along an ellipse, with the Sun at the ellipse's foci, as per Kepler's first law.
- A planet wipes out identical areas in equal durations, according to Kepler's second law, implying that it has a steady areal velocity.
- The cube of the orbit's semi-major axis is proportional to the square of the period, according to Kepler's third law.

## FAQs

__Q. What are the problems with Kepler's law of planetary motion?__

The problem with Kepler's law is that it does not explain the concept of Gravitational Force. 

__Q. What is the significance of Kepler's laws of planetary motion?__ 

The laws of planetary motion established by Kepler signify a watershed moment in the move from geocentrism to heliocentrism. They are the first to establish a quantifiable link between the planets, including Earth.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Kepler’s Law Of Planetary Motion!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE
1. Laws of Planetary Motion: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/5.5/primary/lesson/kepler%e2%80%99s-laws-of-planetary-motion-phys/. Accessed 11th April 2022.
2. Kepler’s Law: https://byjus.com/jee/keplers-laws/. Accessed 11th April 2022.


Kepler devised a set of three fundamental rules based on the movement of the planets in the solar system, known as the three laws of planetary motion by Kepler.


 Kepler’s Law Of Planetary Motion Study Guide

# Introduction
Have you ever considered how the earth revolves around the sun? The only reason the earth isn't flying through space in a straight line (which would turn us all into human popsicles) is because of the gravity and the centripetal force of our sun. Let’s study this centripetal force in detail. 

![centri](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2jvwPRXvvSLroqxQigZ2y/c22537ff02970c2fc7ac52fc1c62f31e/0_dJommwhqKfoXQiZS.jpg)
[Source](https://historyofyesterday.com/so-who-decided-that-the-earth-revolves-around-the-sun-536f9e4ad864)

To change the state of an object from rest or motion, you need force, and force behaves differently on different things depending on what type of motion they display. In the situation of curvilinear motion, a particular force called a centripetal force – literally "center seeking" - enters the scene.

## CENTRIPETAL FORCE

Centripetal force’s definition says that it is the force operating on a body to bring it closer to the center of the circular path it is rotating on. 

We can also say that an object moving in uniform circular motion experiences an acceleration toward the center of the circular path. Hence they must also experience a force toward the center of the circle. The __centripetal force__ is that force. Being a force, the  SI unit of this is __Newtons__. 

The direction of a centripetal force of an item moving on a circular path always works towards the center of the circular path, according to __Newton's second law of motion__.

## CALCULATING CENTRIPETAL FORCE 

__F=ma__, or Newton's second law, represents the relationship between force and acceleration. 

Also, we know that centripetal acceleration ( angular acceleration here) is __ar = V2/R__

By using this value of acceleration (ar ) in the expression of newton's second law, we can get the centripetal force's formula, which is 

__Fc = mV2/R__, 

Where __Fc__ is the centripetal force, 

__m__ is the mass, 

__V__ is the speed or velocity, 

and __r__ is the radius.

# SUMMARY 

- Centripetal force is a "center-seeking" force that always directs to the rotational center. 
- The direction of the centripetal force is towards the center of the circular path. 

## FAQs

__Q. Can centripetal force point up?__

No, centripetal force will never point up; its direction is always towards the center of the circular path it is rotating in. 

__Q. What is centripetal force affected by?__

Mass, speed, and radius are the three factors that affect centripetal force.

__Q. Is centripetal force always positive?__

The force will only be directed in one direction, towards the center. There is no negative since there is no direct opposite for this force by definition.

__Q. Can a centripetal force work on an object?__

The direction of motion is always perpendicular to the centripetal force. Work can only be done by the portion of the force that is in the direction of motion. Because the centripetal force lacks such a component, it will never be able to perform work. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about the __Centripetal Force!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE

1. Centripetal Force: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/5.2/primary/lesson/centripetal-force-phys/. Accessed 11th April 2022.
2. What is Centripetal Force? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-forces/a/what-is-centripetal-force. Accessed 11th April 2022


The earth revolves in an oval shape around the sun due to gravity's centripetal force.


Centripetal Force Study Guide

# Introduction
We've all fantasized about riding a horse while wearing a nice cowboy hat and performing the lasso trick. The lasso trick is a superb illustration of a physical motion in and of itself. A lasso trick is, in fact, a famous illustration of circulatory motion.  The continual circular motion of the hand keeps the rope moving and keeps it from dropping to the floor. Let’s take a closer look at circular motion.

![trick](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6C5Q02QQgweLinFoINpuhO/b762cc315e40984034e653b2ba66b37b/94TFp.png)
[Source](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/569196/does-perfectly-horizontal-circular-motion-exist-in-this-example) 

## WHAT IS CIRCULAR MOTION? 
- Circular motion's definition says that this is the motion of an object along a circular route while spinning. 
- Also, unlike linear motion, the direction of motion __changes continuously__ in the case of the circular motion of a body. 
- As a result, angular variables can be used to characterize circular motion. 
- The angular variable in a circular motion is as: 

![angular](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6Zfkvvr0NOv9LTL92cZN8j/9314d3751767790a2c253d45ef1de084/kinematics_circular-001.png)
[Source](https://tikz.net/kinematics_circular/) 

## ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT 

- It's the angle at which a rotating object turns in one unit of time. 
- Theta (𝜃) is the symbol for it, and it is expressed in radians.

## ANGULAR VELOCITY 

- It's the rate at which a particle's angular displacement changes in a circular motion. 
- The unit of angular velocity is rad/s. 
- A particle in circular motion has linear velocity and matching linear speed in addition to angular velocity and angular speed.

## ANGULAR ACCELERATION 
- It is defined as the rate at which the rotating particle's angular velocity changes. 
- It is expressed in rad/s2.

The common circular motion formulas are 

__ω = lim∆t→0 (∆θ/∆t) = dθ/dt__ , 

__α = dω/dt = d2θ/dt2__, 

__ar = V2/R__

Where __ω__ is the angular velocity,

__t__ is the time, θ is angular displacement,

__α__ is the angular acceleration,

__ar__ is the angular acceleration,

__V__ is the velocity and 

__R__ is the radius of the motion. 

## TYPES OF CIRCULAR MOTION 

Circular motion can be  of two types: __uniform or non-uniform circular motion__. 

- The angular rate of rotation and speed are constant in uniform circular motion, whereas the rate of rotation changes in non-uniform motion. 
- The velocity vector changes direction at every point on the curve during circular motion. As a result, the radial component of acceleration is never zero. 
- In the event of non-uniform circular motion, the tangential component might be positive or negative, and in the case of a uniform circular motion, it can be zero.

Movement of a giant wheel, satellites orbiting around earth and the motion of a merry-go-round are some of the circular motion examples. 

# SUMMARY 

- The motion of an object along a circular route while spinning is called circular Motion. 
- Angular variables like angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration can be used to characterize circular motion.
- Circular motion can be  of two types: uniform or non-uniform circular motion.

## FAQs

__Q. What is circular motion?__

Circular motion is the motion of an object along a circular route while spinning.

__Q. Is uniform circular motion accelerated motion?__

Yes, uniform circular motion is an  accelerated motion. 

__Q. Give two examples of circular motion.__

Twirling a lasso and satellites orbiting around earth are two examples of circular motion. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Circular Motion!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun, VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE

1. Circular Motion: https://www.ck12.org/physics/circular-motion/lesson/Circular-Motion-PHYS/?referrer=concept_details. Accessed 11th April 2022.

When a particle moves around the perimeter of a circular path, it is said to be in a circular motion.


Circular Motion Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION

Until Einstein, space appeared featureless and unvarying, as described by Isaac Newton two centuries ago. And time, according to Newton, moved at its own rate, unconcerned with the devices that kept track of it. However, when Einstein looked at space and time, he saw a definite situation stage — spacetime — on which energy and matter moved, producing sound and fury and indicating gravity. Let’s take a closer look at the theory of gravity by Einstein. 

## WHAT IS GRAVITY? 

The meaning of gravity explains it to be  a force that binds all matter together. Gravity increases with the amount of matter present, therefore objects with a lot of stuff, such as planets, moons, and stars, pull more powerfully.

## EINSTEIN’S THEORY OF GRAVITY 

- Einstein, like Newton, believed that space had three dimensions: __width, length, and height__. 
- It's possible that space is filled with matter, but it's also possible that it isn't. 
- Newton, on the other hand, did not believe that the celestial objects had any effect on it. 
- Einstein was one of them. He proposed that a __mass__ has a lot of ability to prod space. It has the ability to twist, bend, push, and pull it. 
- __Gravity__ was just a direct byproduct of a mass's presence in space.
- Einstein’s __Special Theory of Relativity__, published in 1905, adds time as a fourth dimension to space, resulting in space-time. 
- __Time__ can be sped up or slowed down by large masses.

![earth](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/IeY4P2yfUjbhUtVy6TsM2/389f8d6bd9050e109df18cbea4fa3fe6/101715_essay_opener_free.jpg)
[Source](https://www.sciencenews.org/article/einsteins-genius-changed-sciences-perception-gravity)

- By hopping on a trampoline, you may visualize Einstein's gravity warp. 
- The flexible fabric of space is depressed by your mass. 
- If you push a ball over  the warp at your feet, it will curve in the direction of your mass. 
- The more you weigh, the more space bends around you. 
- Look at the trampoline's boundaries; the warp decreases as you get further away from your mass.

## GRAVITATIONAL WAVES 

- Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time caused by extreme events like the combination of two black holes, according to Einstein. 
- Although Einstein anticipated gravitational waves, he was skeptical that scientists would ever find them. 
- Only a small quantity of space is squeezed and stretched by gravitational waves. 
- In reality, it's absurdly, horrifically, nearly incredibly tiny: tens of millions of times smaller than an atom's diameter.

![galaxy](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1UxSEM1ihYY5CAwaMQWCi0/5fb9b1858c723f699dbd67d6f7b124b8/FINAL_Header_Gravitational_waves_LIGO_092916.jpg)
[Source](https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/nobel-recognizes-gravitational-wave-discovery)

**Note**

In 2016, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) declared for the first period that it had discovered such a wave.

## TIME DILATION 

- Time dilation in this hypothesis is determined by the intensity of the immediate gravitational field rather than the pace of transit. 
- We currently live in a modest gravitational field on the surface of the Earth, therefore we're already experiencing time dilation without even recognising it. 
- Additionally, when we rise up and go down within Earth's field, the magnitude of the influence changes.

## SUMMARY

* Gravity is a  force that binds all matter together.
* Einstein proposed that a mass has a lot of ability to push space. It has the ability to twist, bend, push, and pull it. Gravity was just a direct byproduct of a mass's presence in space. 
* Time dilation in this hypothesis is determined by the intensity of the immediate gravitational field rather than the pace of transit. 

## FAQs

**Q. What was Albert Einstein's theory of gravity?**

He proposed that a mass has a lot of ability to push space. It has the ability to twist, bend, push, and pull it. Gravity was just a direct byproduct of a mass's presence in space. 

**Q. How is Einstein's theory of gravity different from Newton’s?**

Einstein viewed gravity as a curve in a 4-dimensional space-time fabric related to particle masses, whereas Newton characterized gravity as a force exerted equally between two things in relation to their masses.

**Q. Has Einstein's theory of gravity been proven?**

Scientists claim to have established the presence of gravitational waves, which are waves in space-time associated with moving objects all through the Cosmos.

_We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Einstein’s Theory Of Gravity!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun, VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun! 😎_ 

## REFERENCE
1. Einstein’s Theory of Gravity: [https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/5.6/primary/lesson/einsteins-concept-of-gravity-ms-ps/](https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/5.6/primary/lesson/einsteins-concept-of-gravity-ms-ps/) Accessed 19th April 2022
2. Einstein’s Theory of Gravity: [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/13-8-einsteins-theory-of-gravity/](https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/13-8-einsteins-theory-of-gravity/) Accessed 19th April 2022


General relativity is the basic concept that explains the theory of gravity by Einstein. 
