Use 3D models to understand energy, voltage, and the flow of electric current in a circuit. Play around with the simulations and refer to the study guides for this topics to make learning fun.

gravity force simulation screenshot

If physics has always been a point of interest to you but you’ve never known where to start, or how to structure your learning, our study guides are your best bet! Our physics study guides cover popular, important topics that can supplement your learning journey.  

Society, health, food, welfare, microbes, diseases. Learn more about how these are essential for us humans with our interactive 3D models and study guides.

Learn about human physiology and complex organ systems with the help of our informative study guides and interactive 3D models.

Learn about acids and bases, calculating pH, strong and a weak acids and bases, titration experiments, and more using our library of gamified study guides, 3D models, and interactive simulations.

Explore modern atomic theory by performing the experiments that established it, build your own atom in 3D, and use study guides and gamified challenges to become an expert on atomic structure!

Explore how biology and chemistry intersect all the way down at the molecular level using our extensive library of 3D, interactive content!

Compare the five major types of chemical reactions and learn how to write them in a balanced equation using our comprehensive study guides, gamified challenges, and interactive simulations!

Learn the rules of chemical nomenclature with the help of clear and comprehensive study guides, gamified challenges, and plenty of practice problems to make you a chemical classification pro!

Dive into this unit to learn about the types properties, and shapes of covalent bonds and the theories we use to explain why through comprehensive study guides, 3D models, and interactive simulations. 

Learn about electrical potential, voltaic cells, electrolysis, redox reactions, and more with the help of our easy-to-read study guides, interactive 3D models, and simulations.

Have you ever wondered why the atoms of different elements behave differently? Find out the science behind it with the help of our gamified study guides, 3D models, and interactive simulations.

Dive deeper into the concepts of entropy and free energy by exploring our comprehensive library of interactive 3D models, study guides, simulations, and more!

Learn about reversible reactions, chemical equilibrium, product constants, and more—all with the help of our immersive 3D study guides, models, and simulations.

Dive into one of the most exciting fields in science to learn about the the structure, composition, properties, and reactive characteristics of matter, all in 3D!

Explore the characteristics and properties of ionic and metallic bonds in an entirely new way using study guides, practice problems, and 3D, interactive simulations.

Check out our library of 3D study guides and simulations to understand important concepts in chemical kinetics like collision theory, activation energy, reaction order, catalysts, and more!

Everything is made of matter, but what is matter anyway? Learn about its composition, properties, and states in 3D and watch how they change with the help of our interactive models and simulations!

Learn about how different factors are measured, the units they use, and how they’re analyzed with our study guides, cheatsheets, worksheets, and more to master measurement in chemistry!

Dive into nuclear chemistry and engage with its concepts at the atomic level using our interactive 3D models and simulations!

Master orgo with the help of our extensive, 3D-rich library of resources to learn all about the structure, properties, composition, and reactive tendencies of organic compounds.

Learn to identify a redox reaction and balance its chemical equation using our extensive library of interactive content to learn everything you need to know (and more) about oxidation-reduction reactions!

Learn about the laws of solubility, molarity, molality, dilution, and more by exploring our 3D study guides, then apply what you learn by making your own solution in an interactive 3D simulation!

Learn about the states of matter using our detailed study guides and interactive 3D simulations that won’t only tell you how it works, but show you too.

Learn about the relationship between the reactants and products of a chemical reaction with the help of our study guides, practice problems, and simulations to make stoichiometry calculations a breeze.

Visualize periodic trends, atomic behavior, 3D orbitals, and more using an all-in-one, interactive periodic table customized just for you.

Master the mole and all of its applications in chemistry in no time with the help of our detailed study guides, 3D models, simulations, practice calculations, and more!

Become an expert on the ideal gas laws by exploring how pressure, volume, temperature, and particle count affect the behavior of a gas using our interactive simulations and 360° 3D models!

Dive into the details of changes in energy during phase changes and chemical reactions and visualize how thermochemical processes work with the help of our 3D models and interactive simulations.

Water might not seem that special, but it’s actually a rather unusual molecule in the world of chemistry. Check out our library of study guides, 3D models, and interactive simulations to find out why!

Learn about human physiology and complex systems with the help of our interactive 3D models and informative study guides.

Why do the planets always revolve around the sun? Why hasn't there been a single instance where a planet has fallen? Find out with Inspirits interactive study guides, 3D models and simulations.

What do we think about when a vehicle collides with a wall? The damage caused? What about the transfer of energy? Use our interactive study guides and simulations and start thinking outside the box.

Prepare to get mind blown with our extensive set of resources to learn the concept of electric current. Take a look at our study guides, interactive 3D models, and simulations and pick your choice. 

A microwave oven and a telivision set require elctromagnetic radiation to function. Surprised? Walk into a world of such fascinating facts. Explore our 3D models, interactive study guides and simulations

Study about the unquie and fascinating concept of electromagnetism with our study guides and 3D models.

Have you heard of the scientist who ran naked on the road, shouting 'Eureka'? Want to know more about his discoveries that made him forget himself? Go visit our resourceful 3D library and learn more.

What are Laws of Motion? Who penned them down? Why are they important? Discover the answers to these and more questions with our user friendly study guides and associated 3D models.

Did you know, when bunjee jumping, a person undergoes simple harmonic motion? Learn more about this is this awesome unit which is loaded with 3D included, interactive study guides and simulations.

Why are the planets always orbiting around the sun? Check out our physics study guides, 3D models and simulations, to get these and many more questions answered. 

Enter the fascinating world of magnets with our popular 3D models. Our easy-to-read study guides explain complex concepts in a super simple way!

Explore the world of modern physics through these study guides and interactive 3D models. 

Check out our rich interactive study guides and 3D models, to learn the physics of basketball, golf, javellin throw, and any other topic related to motion in 2D!

Ever wondered why trees appear to be moving backwards while you zoom past them on a highway? It's beacuse of motion in one-dimension. Explore more using our 3D rich study guides and interactive models.

These study guides extensively cover the differnt concepts of optical physics, they are supported with a bunch of almost real looking interactive 3D models, ray diagrams and simulations too. 

Why is the wheel always circular? Why wasnt it designed as a square or a traingle? Let's use Inspirit's extensive 3D rich library to learn more.

Do you own a pair of scissors, a jar with a lid and a bottle opener? Want to know how these are part of world of machines? Check out study guides, 3D models and simulations. 

Is sound and noise the same thing? Maybe yes, maybe no. Let's learn more with these study guides, interactive 3D models and more.

Explore the different cpncepts of static electricity with these interactive study guides, 3D models and simulations.

When a solid substance is heated, the particels vibrate and take up more space, causing expansion. Fascinating right??  Discover fun facts like this in our study guides and interactive 3D models.

AP Bio

CBSE Bio

General Chemistry

General Bio

General Physics 

Biology

Chemistry

Physics

# INTRODUCTION

An electric circuit mainly includes the arrangement of elements for energy transmission, conversion, and storage. In the series circuit, the energy enters through one source and leaves out through another sink. Throughout the circuit, various resistance is linked end to end. This form of connection is also known as __cascade connection__, where the flow of current is through only one direction.  

## SERIES CIRCUITS OVERVIEW  

- In the series circuit, the same magnitude of current passes from one path, and this current travels all across the resistance. 
- The meaning of a series circuit says that the negative terminal of the component is joined with the positive terminal connected in series. 
- Moreover, in the series circuit, the current passes at an equal magnitude and all the components are arranged in a line. 

The __advantages of the series circuit__ are:

* The current in the circuit remains constant.
* The circuit does not heat up speedily and thus will not catch fire easily. 

## SERIES CIRCUIT DEFINITION

- The series circuit definition states that a series circuit is a path where the current flows from one component to another through a single path. 
- In these types of series circuits, the negative terminal of the component is connected with the positive terminal and vice versa. 
- The __disadvantages of a series circuit__: since there is only a single path for the flow of current, if the circuit breaks, the appliance will be cut out of the current. 

## DIAGRAM OF SERIES CIRCUIT 

The series circuit diagram is usually designed as:

![SERIES](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2NCIUnQ8D1xgKwVdenNzzV/c68e3cf97bf1500a19a737065a295d79/series-circuit.jpg)
[Source ](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/what-are-series-and-parallel-circuits/)

## Examples Of Series Circuits

The series circuit examples are as follows:

* Water heater
* Freezers
* Refrigerators
* Lamps
* Bulb
* Well water pump
* Flashlights

Moreover, there are various other applications of series circuits in our daily life. 

## SERIES CIRCUIT FORMULA

The series circuit formula is:

__Total Resistance = R1+R2+R3……so on__  

## SUMMARY 

* A simple series circuit is designed with one load resistance and only one battery, in which the negative terminal of the component is joined with the positive terminal of the series combination.
* In the series circuit, the current passes at an equal magnitude. 
* The formula of the series circuit is Total Resistance = R1+R2+R3……so on

## FAQs 

**1. What is a simple series circuit?**

A simple series circuit is designed with one load resistance and only one battery, in which the negative terminal of the component is joined with the positive terminal of the series combination. 

**2. How does a series circuit work?**

In the series circuit, the total resistance is always equal to the sum of all the resistances, keeping the voltage difference in the resistors and the sum of the dropped voltages all across the component of the circuit. Any break or fault in the circuit stops the flow of current.                                                    

**3. What are 2 examples of a series circuit?**

* Water heater
* Freezers

**4. Why is the series arrangement not used for the domestic circuit?** 

Because in the series circuit, the voltage is divided into small voltages to decrease the flow of current. Due to this, the device gets too hot and ceases to work perfectly.                                     

**5. What are the three rules of a series circuit?**

* Total Resistance = R1+R2+R3……so on.
* The current is the same throughout. And the voltage is divided by equal resistance. 
* The sum of each voltage drop is equal to the voltage of the battery. 

_We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about Series Circuits! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎_

## REFERENCES 
1. Series Circuit: [https://www.britannica.com/technology/series-circuit](https://www.britannica.com/technology/series-circuit) Accessed 19th April 2022.
2. What is a Series Circuit? [https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-series-circuit/](https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-series-circuit/) Accessed 19th April 2022.
3. What is a Series Circuit? [https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-series-circuit-definition-example-quiz.html](https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-series-circuit-definition-example-quiz.html) Accessed 19th April 2022.
4. What is a Series Circuit? [https://physicscatalyst.com/article/what-is-a-series-circuit/](https://physicscatalyst.com/article/what-is-a-series-circuit/) Accessed 19th April 2022.

Series circuit definition defines the circuit as a simply designed circuit with current flowing all across the component. 

Series Circuits Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION

In your Physics class, you have studied simple series and parallel circuits. A bulb connected to a battery is the simplest circuit to determine the source of voltage and resistance. Add the second bulb in series, and now you have another source of resistance. 

An equivalent circuit for this loop can be modeled easily by lumping the components. The same applies to simple parallel circuits. 

What happens when there is a multi-loop circuit with junctions like in the diagram below? How would you analyze the current flow and voltage drops? Enter the kirchhoffs law!

![Closed Circuit](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/43a5CccGGN2lPyoLCD1ofo/a003b16f39a2bbe2141b2d959990ee99/figure-22-03-01.jpeg)
[Source](https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/kirchhoffs-rules/)

### WHAT IS KIRCHHOFF’S LAW?

These laws named after Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887) show us how to analyze complicated closed circuits. It has two basic rules that are related to voltage and current in electrical circuits: 

### KIRCHHOFF’S FIRST RULE

Also known as Kirchhoff's Junction law, the rule applies to electrical charges entering and leaving a junction. A junction in an electrical circuit is a point where three or more circuit elements meet and the current splits. 

Consider the diagram below:

![Kirchoff's first law](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/7jl29MYmMuvaHTTsQjCzg0/32209f9c645c450577aa785dee3e805d/CNX_UPhysics_27_02_Junction.jpg)
[Source](https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Book%3A_University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/10%3A_Direct-Current_Circuits/10.04%3A_Kirchhoff%27s_Rules)

An electric current is the flow of charge, and at any given point the charge is conserved. So, the current that flows into the junction is the current that flows out. 

Therefore we have the first rule: *The sum of all currents entering the junction must be equal to the sum of all currents leaving the junction.*

Mathematically, it is expressed as: ΣIin = ΣIout

To better visualize it, think of the above diagram like a junction of water pipes. The amount of water flowing is the current. The total water entering the junction is the same as the total water leaving the junction. 

### 2. KIRCHHOFF’S SECOND RULE

Also known as the kirchhoff's Loop rule, the rule relates to the voltage in a closed circuit. 

It states that: *The algebraic sum of voltage drop around a closed circuit path is zero.*

Mathematically that is: ΣV= 0

![Kirchoff-s second law](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1r1nxpGajvpprGxAdvCd56/d07009bc58cb670b2d2ac9cd94cfdaa2/Kirchoff-s_second_law.png)
[Source](https://www.librarydrdl.com/pdf/econtent/circuit_theorems_FYBSC_SEM_II_PHYSIC_PAPER_II_UNIT_II.pdf) 

Consider the circuit above. There’s a source of potential or voltage (Vs) and two components with resistance R1 and R2. In a series loop, the voltage drops across the components as the potential gets used up by the devices. Therefore, according to Kirchhoff’s law, the algebraic sum of all voltages, including the source and the resistive elements, is equal to zero. 

Mathematically it is expressed as: 

Vs = IR1+IR2
Or 
Vs – IR1 – IR2 = 0

## CONCLUSION: 

- Kirchhoff’s laws can be used to analyze complex multi-loop circuits. 
- Kirchhoff’s Junction law states that the sum of all currents entering the junction must be equal to the sum of all currents leaving the junction. 
- Kirchhoff's Loop rule states that The algebraic sum of voltage drop around a closed circuit path is zero. 

### FAQs:

__1. How do you do circuit construction?__

Part of circuit construction is to analyze the circuits using Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws. The currents and voltages across components can be calculated before building the actual circuit. 

__2. How do you construct a series circuit in a circuit?__

In a series circuit, the leads are connected in a circular loop. A circuit with a bulb and a motor powered by a battery can be connected by joining one end of each motor and bulb together. The two other ends are connected to the battery to complete the series circuit. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Circuit Construction__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## SOURCES: 
1. 20.11 Circuit. https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-2.0/section/20.11/primary/lesson/electric-circuits-ms-ps/. Accessed 10 Feb 2022. 
2. Circuit Diagrams - Overview. https://www.ck12.org/c/physics/circuits/enrichment/Circuit-Diagrams-Overview/?referrer=concept_details. Accessed 10 Feb 2022. 
3. Kirchhoff's Law. https://byjus.com/physics/kirchhoffs-law/. Accessed 10 Feb 2022. 
4. Kirchhoff’s Rules. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/21-3-kirchhoffs-rules/. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.  
5. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/kirchhoffs-voltage-law.html. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.  


Kirchhoff’s laws allow us to analyze current across junctions and voltage drops across components in complex circuits. 

Circuit Construction Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION 

A combined series-parallel circuit is a type of circuit connected in both series and parallel. The pathways are designed as the hardest electric series and parallel combination circuits. All the components of this circuit are connected end to end, forming a parallel flow of the circuit. 

## PRINCIPLE OF COMBINED SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS 

* The current remains the same throughout the circuit. 
* The sum of voltage all across the three resistors is equal to the other points' voltage. 
* It follows the rule of thumb. 

## WORKING OF COMBINED SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS

We know that this circuit is neither a series nor a parallel, but it has the elements of both. 
This circuit has many paths for the current like in the parallel circuit, but there exists two sets of common points in the circuit. 
While solving the series-parallel combination circuit equation, you need to calculate the total resistance in both parts. 
To get a clear idea of how these circuits work, refer to the below given series and parallel circuit combined example.

![series and parallel](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/62f12IpoSsgQ0FCluVUXNC/a2915a8a013357b676375017af5e1377/series-parallel-combination-circuits.jpg)
[Source ](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-7/what-is-a-series-parallel-circuit/)

## FORMULA OF COMBINED SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS 

- There is no definite formula for series and parallel circuit combination. 
- So for calculating the average resistance of a series-parallel circui, we have to find the resistance by solving the resistance of parallel and series sections separately and combining them to find the right value of resistance. 
- Further, to calculate the resonance frequency of the combined series-parallel circuit, we need to combine the formulas of both. 

# SUMMARY 
* The combination circuits are a type of mixed circuit that follows a unique path. Some flow through a single resistor path, while some flow in parallel through two or more points. 
* The combination series-parallel circuit has equal voltage all across the circuit. 
* Currents remain equal throughout the circuit.                                                                              

## FAQs

**1. How do you solve combined parallel and series circuits?**

To solve these circuits, follow these instructions: 

* See which resistors are used in the circuit
* Redraw the circuit until the circuit completes and gets reduced to the one equivalent resistor. 
* Calculate current using Ohm's Law.
* Calculate the power dissipations. 

**2. What is the series-parallel combination?**

It is a unique type of circuit that is connected in both series and parallel ways. The current remains the same throughout the circuit, and the sum of voltage all across the three resistors is equal to the other points' voltage.

**3. What are the examples of series-parallel combinations?**

Some examples are- 

* Strong Christmas lights
* Light bulbs
* Multiplexer
* Wiring of car headlights
* Comparator

**4. What is the formula for series-parallel combinations?**  

Parallel circuit: 

1/Rt = 1/R1 1/R2 1/R3 ... Rt = R (t)total

Series circuit:

 Total Resistance = R1 R2 R3……so on

**5. What are the rules for series and parallel circuits?**

* The combination circuit follows the rule of thumb. 
* The outside current is the same throughout the circuit. 
* The inside current is always less than the outside current.  

_We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about **Combined Series-Parallel Circuits!** Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎_ 

## REFERENCES 
1. Combination Circuits: [https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-4/Combination-Circuits](https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-4/Combination-Circuits) Accessed 19th April 2022.
2. Series-Parallel Circuits: [https://www.oakton.edu/user/1/agero/elt101/presentations/Chapter06.pdf](https://www.oakton.edu/user/1/agero/elt101/presentations/Chapter06.pdf) Accessed 19th April 2022.
3. Direct Current: [https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-7/analysis-technique/](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-7/analysis-technique/) Accessed 19th April 2022.
4. What is a Series-Parallel Circuit? [https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-7/what-is-a-series-parallel-circuit/](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-7/what-is-a-series-parallel-circuit/) Accessed 19th April 2022.

Series and parallel circuits combined examples show us the complexity of these circuits and how both the properties of series and parallel are in it. 


Combined Series-Parallel Circuits Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION

When we compare series and parallel circuits, it is easy to analyze the circuit with only one battery and one load resistance. But what if the number of components are increased?

## MEANING OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT 

- The parallel circuit is a very common and widely used circuit.
- A parallel circuit is the type of circuit that includes more than two separate paths. 
- These paths allow the flow of current from the negative terminal of the component to the positive terminal of the component. 

The __laws of parallel circuits__ state that:

1. The total voltage of a parallel circuit is equal to the voltage all across the circuit.
2. The total current is the sum of the individual currents.
3. Total resistance is equal to the sum of individual resistance.

## DIAGRAM OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Parallel circuit diagram:

![parallel](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1e3VFEJUtM08zLlhFQFWqV/6f2c7a0b0f2a45b523281828992797cd/parallel.png)
[Source ](https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/basicelectricity/chapter/ground/)

## EXAMPLES OF PARALLEL CIRCUITS

The parallel circuit examples are:

* Outlets in our home
* Washing machines
* Home wiring
* Wiring in toys
* Microwave
* Home appliances
* Industrial installation

## FORMULA FOR PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Parallel circuit formula: 

**1/Rt = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 ... Rt = R (t)total.**

## DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARALLEL AND SERIES CIRCUIT

![diff](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/aYd74MC9m8HE24NJqMsCK/4da202fe03809e53f09d21167fa9b1e5/top-5-differences-between-series-and-parallel-circuits.jpg)
[Source ](https://www.electricalengineering.xyz/questions/top-5-differences-between-series-and-parallel-circuits/)

# SUMMARY 

* A circuit with more than one resistance is known as a parallel circuit.
* A parallel circuit is a type of circuit that includes more than two separate paths, allowing the flow of current from the negative terminal of the component to the positive terminal of the component.
* The difference between series and parallel circuits are:
* In series, there is one single node. While in parallel, it is more than two. 
* The voltage is divided into series. While in parallel, it is the same all across.
* Resistors are simply connected to get equal resistance. Whereas in parallel, resistors need to get a specific formula. 
* The parallel circuit formula: **1/Rt = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 ... Rt = R (t)total.**

## FAQs

__Q. What are parallel circuits?__ 

A parallel circuit is a type of circuit that includes more than two separate paths, allowing the flow of current from the negative terminal of the component to the positive terminal of the component.

**Q. What is a parallel circuit example?**

* Outlets in our home
* Washing machines
* Home wiring
* Wiring in toys
* Microwave
* Industrial installation                                                         

**Q. What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?**                                 

In the parallel circuit, there is more than a single node and has maintained voltage all across the circuit. Whereas, in the series circuit, there is only a single node, along with the divided voltage in all the individual resistance.  

**Q. What are parallel circuits used for?**

Parallel circuits are used for home appliances, industrial installation, home wiring, toy factories, etc. 

_We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Parallel circuits!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎_

## REFERENCES 
1. Series and Parallel Circuit: [https://electricalacademia.com/basic-electrical/series-parallel-circuit-series-parallel-circuit-solved-problems/](https://electricalacademia.com/basic-electrical/series-parallel-circuit-series-parallel-circuit-solved-problems/) Accessed 19th April 2022.
2. Series and Parallel Circuit:[https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/what-are-series-and-parallel-circuits/](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/what-are-series-and-parallel-circuits/) Accessed 19th April 2022.
3. Parallel Circuit: [https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-parallel-circuit/](https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-parallel-circuit/) Accessed 19th April 2022.
4. Parallel Circuit: [https://www.britannica.com/technology/parallel-circuit](https://www.britannica.com/technology/parallel-circuit) Accessed 19th April 2022.
5. Differences Between Series and Parallel Circuits: [https://www.electricalengineering.xyz/questions/top-5-differences-between-series-and-parallel-circuits/](https://www.electricalengineering.xyz/questions/top-5-differences-between-series-and-parallel-circuits/)Accessed 19th April 2022.

In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same across the resistors.

 Parallel Circuits Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION

When talking about controlling the current in the circuit, we often refer to the __voltage and the opposing resistance__. All circuits are designed for a specific amount of voltage or resistance. This allows you to know the __flow of current__. It is necessary to maintain an appropriate level of current in the circuit. 

Before jumping to the control of the current, we must understand the meaning of electric circuits.

An __electric circuit__ is the closed-loop type of path that allows the flow of electrons for the conversion of one form of energy to another form of energy. Excess current flow damages the circuit, and thus it is important to control the current in the electric circuit.  

## WHAT IS CURRENT?

- __Electric current__ is said to be the flow or movement of electrons from one side of the circuit to the other side.  
- And the __voltage__ is defined as the difference in electric potential between the two points. 
- Moreover, to control the current, we must reduce the thickness of the wires in the circuit.
- The wire's thickness here acts as the __resistance__ to the flow of current. 

## DEVICES TO CONTROL CURRENT 

__1. A FUSE__

- A __fuse__ is one of the most common single-use devices controlling the current in the circuit. 
- When the overcurrent passes through the circuit, the fuse placed sacrifices itself to provide full protection to the electrical circuit. 

![fuse](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/7oqyaed68laX8VVLO1iHA9/22dc680e584be1cacc6d426612dc2b6f/Fuse-thm.jpg)
[Source](https://www.anelectricalengineer.com/principle-of-fuse-operation-with-design/) 

__2. A CIRCUIT BREAKER__

- Circuit Breakers also control the flow of current by opening the circuit whenever there is an overflow of current. 
- It is designed with a switch, technically connected with the electromagnet. 

__3. SURGE PROTECTORS__

- Surge protectors are another important instrument for controlling current. 
- If the current in the circuit spikes up to an unexpected level, the surge protector directs the extra current into the outlet’s grounding wires. 

![surge](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4C11i7Yb5Il6Hp6hIrcCdP/7a034f2804ed4757b8c88da1d47713b9/f-d_77af9515bdf046faa014ad6fa29dff2e9aeafe4dd95a6c35c27a85d5_IMAGE_THUMB_POSTCARD_TINY_IMAGE_THUMB_POSTCARD_TINY.1)
[Source ](https://www.ck12.org/physics/controlling-current-in-electric-circuits/lesson/Controlling-Current-in-Electric-Circuits-PHYS/?referrer=concept_details)

# SUMMARY 
* An electric circuit is a closed-loop path, allowing the flow of electrons for the transformation of one form of energy to another form of energy.
* The common devices used to control current in an electric circuit are circuit breakers, switches, fuses, rheostat, and surge protectors. 
* Resistors are used to limit the flow of current in the electrical circuit.
* Current electricity is the movement of electrons from one section of the circuit to the other section.

## FAQs

**1. How do you control current in a circuit?**

To control the current in a circuit, we can create resistance and make use of devices like a fuse, Rheostat, surge protectors, or circuit breakers. 

**2. What controls electric current?**

Resistance and protectors like a fuse, circuit breakers, and surge protectors can easily control electric currents in a circuit.

**3. How are electrical circuits controlled?**

A switch of circuit breakers and surge protectors often helps in controlling the current in electrical circuits. 

**4. What limits the current in a circuit?**

Resistors are the instrument that limits the current in a circuit.

_We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about **Controlling Current in Electric Circuits!** Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎_

## REFERENCES

1. Controlling Current in Electric Circuits: [https://www.ck12.org/physics/controlling-current-in-electric-circuits/lesson/Controlling-Current-in-Electric-Circuits-PHYS/?referrer=concept_details](https://www.ck12.org/physics/controlling-current-in-electric-circuits/lesson/Controlling-Current-in-Electric-Circuits-PHYS/?referrer=concept_details) Accessed 19th April 2022.
2. Controlling Current in Electric Circuits:[https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/17.2/primary/lesson/controlling-current-in-electric-circuits-phys/](https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/17.2/primary/lesson/controlling-current-in-electric-circuits-phys/) Accessed 19th April 2022.
3. Controlling Current:[http://powerup.ukpowernetworks.co.uk/powerup/en/over-11/circuits/controlling-current/](http://powerup.ukpowernetworks.co.uk/powerup/en/over-11/circuits/controlling-current/) Accessed 19th April 2022.
4. Current Electricity: [https://byjus.com/physics/current-electricity/](https://byjus.com/physics/current-electricity/) Accessed 19th April 2022.

The need for controlling current is to prevent any uncertain electric shock, circuit breakers, or disaster. 

Controlling Current In Electric Circuits Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION

Electric circuits are the path in which the electrons flow to generate the network for the electrical components. The wires collectively make up the path and can easily be powered by a battery. This provides the incentives to the electron, leading to the energy transfer in circuits. 

![circuit](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/3sU8rBs4pFU8B71X8pjceM/e0f497409da0e72bf2293cc274634fb2/Article_Electricity_explore_Feature.jpg)
[Source](https://explorify.uk/teaching-support/teaching-science/electricity-explore-with-class)

## MEANING OF ENERGY TRANSFERS IN CIRCUITS

- The meaning of __energy transfer__ is the conversion of one form of energy into another form. 
- It is generally a movement of energy or flow of electrons through its path. 
- When the electrons or energy passes in its closed path, we term it an energy transfer in circuits. 
- These forms of energy transfer in circuits are called electric power. 

- Moreover, __electric power__ is the energy per unit of time converted due to the electrical circuit from one form of energy to another. 
- The formula of electric power is defined as __E = I2Rt__. 

- __Electric circuits__ are a closed-loop or path where the electric current flows. 
- This flow of energy occurs due to the closed path or circuit. 
- When the path is not closed, the energy won’t be able to pass through the circuit as the flow of electrons breaks down. 
- Therefore, in an __open circuit__, the energy transfer is not possible. 

## EQUATION OF ENERGY TRANSFERS IN CIRCUITS

The energy transfer in electric circuits equations included the transfer of electrons by the electric current to the related charge of conductor and voltage. 

Its equation is: **E = QV**

Where E = Energy in joules

Q = Charge in coulombs 

V = Voltage in volts. 

## EXAMPLES OF ENERGY TRANSFERS IN CIRCUITS

There are various forms of energy transfer in electric circuits examples.

* In the light bulbs
* In the car battery
* A lamp plugged into the switchboard
* Cell phone batteries
* Bread toaster at homes

![circuit](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/304ct30ANjypIQ7R4i6X96/6f60e14879444788cb2be348d0decede/QVPLG.jpg)
[Source ](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/178009/how-does-electric-energy-flow-in-a-circuit)

# SUMMARY 

* Electric power is referred to as the rate at which the electrical energy is consumed by a device. 
* Electrical energy itself can be expressed as the generation of energy because of the movement of electrons from their own charge to the charge of the conductor. The electrical power is multiplied by time, i.e., E = Pt.
* Some examples of energy transfer are electric motors, bread toasters at homes, electric irons, etc.
* The energy transfer in the electric circuits equation is E = QV.

## FAQs

**1. How is energy transferred in a circuit?**

The means of energy transfer in the circuit is by the closed-loop. When the circuit is completely closed at both ends, the energy is transferred from one form to another. And the rate of energy consumed per unit of time is called electric power. 

**2. What are 10 examples of energy transfer?**

* Swinging of oscillation
* Electric motor
* Electric generator
* Lighting of bulb
* Car engine
* Cell in the car or phones
* Solar heater
* Solar cell
* Bread toaster at homes
* Electric irons

**3. What are the 5 energy transformations?**

* Chemical energy to electrical energy
* Electrical energy to thermal energy
* Chemical to mechanical energy
* Light to chemical energy
* Electrical energy to heat energy

**4. Give the energy transfer in the electric circuits equation.**

Energy transfer in electric circuits equation is E = QV.

_We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about **Energy Transfer in Electric Circuits!** Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎_

## REFERENCES 
1. Energy Transfer in Circuits:[https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/energy-transfer-circuits.html](https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/energy-transfer-circuits.html)Accessed 19th April 2022.
2. Electric Power:[https://www.vedantu.com/physics/electric-power](https://www.vedantu.com/physics/electric-power)Accessed 19th April 2022.
3. Electric Energy and Power:[https://byjus.com/physics/electrical-energy-and-power/](https://byjus.com/physics/electrical-energy-and-power/)Accessed 19th April 2022.
4. Energy Transfers in Circuits: [https://study.com/academy/lesson/energy-transfers-in-circuits-equations-examples.html](https://study.com/academy/lesson/energy-transfers-in-circuits-equations-examples.html)Accessed 19th April 2022.
5. Energy Transfer in Electric Circuits:[https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/17.1/primary/lesson/energy-transfer-in-electric-circuits-phys/](https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/17.1/primary/lesson/energy-transfer-in-electric-circuits-phys/)Accessed 19th April 2022.

Electric power is the energy per unit of time transformed in an electrical circuit, and when it transfers in circuits, it is called electric power. 

 Energy Transfer In Electric Circuits Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION 
Have you ever looked at a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and wondered what those tiny battery-like things are across the board? Well, those things are called capacitors, and similar to batteries, they can store some energy in the form of a charge that is essential for the functioning of a circuit. Unlike batteries which generate energy through a chemical reaction, these little energy devices work on a property called capacitance. 

![Capacitor](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6Y2TsR3c4hiTNG9fZiCJca/6f07e525a1ffab22ba9a040b311f3687/capacitors.jpg)
[Source](https://www.gadgetronicx.com/capacitor-working-tutorial-applications-circuits/)

### WHAT IS A CAPACITOR? 

We know that conductors are materials that allow the free flow of electrons through them and insulators are materials that do the opposite. However, when you place excess electrons on both materials, the distribution of electrons varies, as in the diagram below. On a conductor, the electrons repel each other and distribute themselves evenly over the surface; on an insulator, the electrons clump together in the same place since they cannot move about freely. 

![Conductor & Insulator](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6BEU2QckzUY5IwFpcrqXz/9f908e007471122778e73b58ed2b6108/images)
[Source](https://www.ck12.org/c/physics/capacitors/lesson/The-Capacitor-PHYS/)

The capacitor is a charge storing device built like a sandwich of an insulator placed between two conducting plates. The insulator is called a dielectric, and its function is to boost the charging storing capacity of the capacitor. 

![Dielectric](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/l9Wwzm0p0cC9BIpO3yxA6/6c729e9ff748bf8cfd5802497f064055/51969be3ce395f662c000000.png)
[Source](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/capacitors/all) 

The dielectric in a capacitor unit is made out of different insulating materials such as ceramic, paper, rubber, plastic, and other materials that impede the flow of electricity.  

### WHAT IS CAPACITANCE?

When you apply an electric current, which is the flow of electric charge across the terminals of a capacitor, the charges get stuck on the capacitor plates. This is because the insulating dielectric won’t allow them to pass. As a result, negative charges start building upon one plate and push the like charges away on the other plate giving it a positive charge. 

![Capacitor](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/67P6MrDgvSr2MfPQRe0ecq/38f8f03673ce83b84b4d278b074d1437/cap1.gif)
[Source](https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/capacitor/cap_9.html)

The opposite charges attract each other and stay stuck in the same place as the dielectric won’t allow them to come together. These stationary charges create an electric field and voltage like a battery. As the charging continues, the capacitor reaches a point where it can’t accept any more charge flowing into it as the existing charge starts repelling the incoming charge. This limit is where the concept of capacitance comes into play. 

In simple terms capacitance is the maximum charge the capacitor can store. More technically, it is the ratio of maximum charge Q that the capacitor can hold to the applied voltage V across its plates.  
Mathematically the capacitance formula is given by: 

C = QV  or  Q = CV

Where,
C is the capacitance measured in Fared (F)
Q is the charge in Coulombs 
V is the voltage in volts

A capacitor is said to have a capacitance of one Fared when it can store one Coulomb of charge on its plates by a voltage of one Volt. 

While the definition talks about capacitance in Farad, one Farad is a very large unit for most capacitors used in everyday appliances. So capacitance is measured in microfarad, nanofarad or picofarad. 

Microfarad  (μF)   1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6  F

Nanofarad  (nF)   1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 10-9  =  F

Picofarad  (pF)   1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 10-12  =  F

## CONCLUSION

- Capacitors are charge storing devices that are used in circuits.
- Capacitors can be charged by applying an electric current across its terminals. 
- Positive and negative charges build up along the two plates of a capacitors.  
- The capacitance definition physics is the ratio of maximum charge Q that the capacitor can hold to the applied voltage V across its plates.

### FAQs:

__1. What is the difference between capacitor and capacitance?__

A capacitor is a device which stores energy in the form of electric charge. Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store charges. 

__2. What is capacitor and its unit?__

A capacitor uses two conducting plates with a dielectric in between to store charges. The unit of measuring a capacitor’s capacitance is Farad. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about Capacitance! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎 

## SOURCES:

1. Capacitance. https://www.ck12.org/section/capacitance-%3a%3aof%3a%3a-electric-potential-worksheets-%3a%3aof%3a%3a-ck-12-physics-intermediate-workbook/. Accessed 22 Feb 2022. 
2. Capacitors and Capacitance. https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Book%3A_University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/08%3A_Capacitance/8.02%3A_Capacitors_and_Capacitance. Accessed 22 Feb 2022. 
3. Capacitors. https://physics.info/capacitors/. Accessed 22 Feb 2022. 
4. Capacitor And Capacitance. https://byjus.com/physics/capacitor-and-capacitance/#:~:text=The%20ability%20of%20the%20capacitor,with%20a%20gap%20between%20them. Accessed 22 Feb 2022.


Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to hold electric charges. In this article, you will learn about how it happens and why. 


Capacitance Study Guide

## INTRODUCTION: 

When you swim, the buoyancy or upward force of the water allows you to eliminate gravity's downward pull. As a consequence, you'll feel much heavier. On the other hand, the water presents the swimmer with a new challenge. It's known as "drag." Drag is the resistance applied by the water. It is simply the opposite of motion in water. 

Newton's hypothesis of inertia states that every medium opposes the change in the state of motion. This opposition is known as resistance. 

![Resistance in Swimming](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6s8UrLsJeIia4ahYPqmt8V/1dd652a1b63a024f6c011ba83c9e7dc4/791020283.JPG)
[Source](https://physicinswimming.weebly.com/resistance.html)

### WHAT IS RESISTANCE? 
In Physics, resistance is a characteristic of a circuit element or a component of an electric circuit that converts electric energy into thermal energy in the presence of an opposing electric current.  Collisions of current-carrying charge carriers with fixed components that comprise the conductor framework cause resistance. 

The proportion of electromotive force, or driving voltage, required to create a given current across the circuit is affected by the loss of electric energy in the form of heat, even if it is minimal. When the temperature of a conductor, or circuit component, rises, the resistance of that conductor or circuit factor rises as well.  Some conductors exhibit negligible resistance once chilled to extremely low temperatures. 

### FORMULA OF RESISTANCE:  

![Resistance formula](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2I9XC70IqcOedarS5DqqWK/612161f2683af29b0613d78230d0acdf/Resistance_formula.png)

### FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE: 

- The size, shape, and composition of an object determine its resistance. 
- The resistance is proportional to the cross-section area A in inverse relation. 

![Factors affecting resistance ](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2W76Rto2p8iqWyFHiOmHZo/acd3660f8b6d0f9b08616a8128c5a335/5654f9e076a10e275070eb2d582d8b751f530f7e.png)
[Source](https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-12th-physics-india/in-in-current-electricity/in-in-resistivity-and-ohms-law/a/resistance-and-resistivity-ap1)

### RESISTIVITY: 
The electrical resistance of a conductor with a unit cross-sectional area and length is called resistivity. Resistivity is a feature of each material that can be used to compare the capacity of different substances to transmit electric currents. Poor conductors have high resistance. 

The temperature-dependent resistivity of a material is determined by its molecular and atomic structure. The resistivity of many of these conductors increases as the temperature rises. 

## CONCLUSION 

- As it moves through matter, the movement of electric charges in an electric current is opposed by resistance. 
- The electrical resistance of a conductor with a unit cross-sectional area and length is called resistivity. 
- Resistivity is a feature of each material that can be used to compare the capacity of different substances to transmit electric currents. 

### FAQs:

__1. What is resistance?__

In an electrical circuit, resistance measures the opposition against current flow. The Greek alphabet omega represents resistance, which is measured in ohms. 

__2. What is resistance used for?__

They can be used to distribute voltage and regulate current flow in a circuit. Resistors are required for electronic circuits to work under proper circumstances, and they are comprised of materials that stop electricity from flowing through them. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Resistance__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun, VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## SOURCES: 
1. 16.5 Ohm’s Law. https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/16.5/primary/lesson/resistance-and-ohms-law-phys/. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.
2. Resistance: https://www.britannica.com/technology/resistance-electronics. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.
3. Factors affecting resistance. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-12th-physics. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.


In an electrical circuit, resistance measures the opposition against current flow. 
