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## INTRODUCTION 

How often have you stopped to consider what motion really is? You are on your way to school on the bus, and your football is in your seat. The bus is moving at twenty miles an hour relative to the ground, but so is your football! Is the ball at rest, or is it in motion? 🤔

Consider all the things around you; although they look as if they are at rest, they are still spinning around the earth's axis and going around the sun. How would you describe all this motion? Not everything moves in the same way or at the same speed, so let’s find out how! 

![Motion](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2RBdMvuFQjUbV3XqqkYJRF/3c20809eb34c62c2c5e94cf7fbceb5b2/GettyImages-175371277use-7971b23.jpg)
[Source](https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/why-is-everything-in-motion/)

### WHAT IS MOTION?

The definition of motion in physics, very simply put, is the change in position of an object relative to a frame of reference, such as its surroundings during a defined interval of time. Motion is described using several factors such as distance, displacement, time, speed, velocity, and acceleration. If you are sitting on a bench in a park, you are said to be at rest with respect to the park. When you get up to leave, then you are said to be in motion. In science, the basic attributes of motion are commonly measured using velocity and acceleration. 

### WHAT IS VELOCITY? 

![Average Velocity ](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4nqQg1hYvOnuu6TfybLOCE/3638c8453f98c0604ff9ec345547623a/9725360.png)
[Source](http://physicalsciencetext.weebly.com/34---speed-vs-velocity.html) 

We are all familiar with the concept of speed - it gives a measure of how fast we are travelling. However, speed doesn’t really indicate the direction of motion since speed is a scalar concept (one-dimensional) and tells us only the rate of change of distance with time. 

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement with time. Velocity is a more useful concept in physics as it specifies a direction in addition to speed, making it a vector quantity (a vector quantity indicates both magnitude and direction). It is important to remember that since it indicates direction, velocity can also be negative!

Mathematically the average velocity can be represented as: 

                         v = Δx/Δt

- v is the average velocity
- Δx is the change in displacement
- t is the elapsed time 

The unit of velocity is meters per second, similar to spee (m/s). 

### WHAT IS ACCELERATION?

![Acceleration](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/78f45rO77f2Al2xDbHSmy4/6f63ee839828f0e151b29d306b2f5743/accelerating-van.jpg)
[Source](https://science4fun.info/acceleration/)

Understanding the concept of motion is not complete without the concept of acceleration. We just went over the concept of velocity, which is the rate of change of displacement. 

Acceleration, in turn,  is the rate of change of velocity. When you go down a sloping road on your scooter, you tend to go faster with every passing second, and that is basically what acceleration is! Your velocity continues to increase as you accelerate down the slope. Mathematically acceleration is represented as:

                              a = Δv/Δt

a is the acceleration 
Δv is the change in velocity
Δt is the change in time

The unit of acceleration is m/s2.

## CONCLUSION:

- Motion is described using quantities such as speed, velocity, and acceleration. 
- Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
- Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. 

### FAQs:

__1. What do we mean by motion?__

The motion definition in Physics talks about the change in position of an object with respect to a frame of reference over time. 

__2. What are the 4 types of motion?__

The 4 types of motion are: 

- Translational motion
- Rotational motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Random motion

__3. What are examples of motion?__

Motion in science relates to the change in position of an object with respect to a frame of reference over time. Examples include the motion of cars and vehicles on the street, the flight of birds, flowing water, etc. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Motion__! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!* 😎

## SOURCES: 
1. Motion. https://flexbooks.ck12.org/studyguides/physics/motion-study-guide.html?encodedID=SCI.PHY.152&courseContextID=4283481. Accessed 27 Jan 2022.
2. Motion in Physics. https://byjus.com/physics/motion-in-physics/. Accessed 27 Jan 2022.
3. What is velocity?. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/a/what-is-velocity. Accessed 27 Jan 2022.

Motion in science is the change in position of an object with respect to a frame of reference over time.  


Motion Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION
__Acceleration__ is the sensation you have when you're sitting in a jet during take-off, hitting on the brakes in a car, or turning a sector at a great velocity in a go-kart. This feeling of acceleration is felt due to a __change in the velocity__ of these motions. 

## VELOCITY vs. TIME GRAPH

- The meaning of __velocity__ is an object's speed in a specific direction. 
- The velocities of two vehicles going at the same speed but also in different directions are distinct. 
- A __velocity vs. time graph__ represents the speed and direction of an object over a certain time period. 
- __Speed-time graphs__ are sometimes known as velocity vs. time graphs.

- The __velocity__ of the item is the vertical axis of a velocity vs. time graph. 
- The __time period__ from the beginning of the motion is represented on the horizontal axis.

## SLOPE AND THE AREA IN A VELOCITY vs. TIME GRAPH

- The object's acceleration is represented by the __gradient/slope__ of a velocity vs. time graph. 
- As a result, the value of the slope at a given moment shows the object's __acceleration__ at that time.
- This implies that whenever the gradient is steep, the object's velocity will change quickly and in cases where the slope is low, the object's velocity does not change as quickly. 
- This also indicates that the acceleration will be negative if the slope is negative (oriented downwards) and positive if the gradient is positive (oriented upwards). 
- Also, the region under the graph represents an __object’s displacement__ in a velocity vs. time graph.

## FEATURES OF  VELOCITY vs. TIME GRAPH

__Velocity vs. time graph with zero acceleration__

In this case, the velocity would be constant throughout the time interval of the motion, no matter how much the time changes. 

![graph](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2b9ikWUeIaQGJ2TJfHVNhP/5228a926ab73fed2b3e7be557cadd986/Velocity-Time-Graphs-1.png)
[Source](https://byjus.com/physics/vt-graphs/)

__Velocity vs. time graph with constant acceleration__

Whenever the acceleration is constant (positive), and the initial velocity of an object is zero, the object's velocity increases linearly.

![graph](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6EVB0HzZDGaBwUEPfX2SrW/eb6be312148d03c16874cb9ad134c8df/Velocity-Time-Graphs-2.png)
[Source](https://byjus.com/physics/vt-graphs/)

__Velocity vs. time graph with increasing acceleration__

The velocity vs. time graph will be a curve when the acceleration increases with time. 

![graph](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/3m93IZq3NhTEcxx7w92EzI/964223890d71ddb6f18abac903d24330/Velocity-Time-Graphs-3.png)
[Source](https://byjus.com/physics/vt-graphs/)

# SUMMARY 

- A velocity-time graph depicts how the velocity of an object in motion changes over time.
- The gradient/slope of a velocity vs. time graph shows the moving object's acceleration.
- The region under the graph represents an object’s displacement in a velocity vs. time graph.

## FAQs

__1. How to make a velocity vs. time graph?__

We can make a velocity vs. time graph by plotting the velocity on the y axis and the time on the x-axis. 

__2. How to draw a velocity vs. time graph?__

By plotting the velocity of a motion on the vertical axis and at the time from the beginning on the horizontal, we can draw a velocity vs. time graph. 

__3. What is the distance between two points using the velocity vs. time graph?__

The area under the graph of the two points on the velocity vs. time graph depicts the displacement between them. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Velocity vs. Time Graph!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE
1. Velocity vs. Time Graphs: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/2.9/primary/lesson/velocity-time-graphs-ms-ps/. Accessed 8th April 2022.
2. Velocity vs. Time Graphs: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/acceleration-tutorial/a/what-are-velocity-vs.-time-graphs Accessed 8th April 2022.

A velocity vs. time graph gives a lucid representation of the speed and direction of an object in a time period.

Velocity vs. Time Graph Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION
In the present-day formula one race weekend, one car can reach speeds of up to 200 miles per hour, but when the five red lights come off, all the awaiting drivers are morally and physically equal. The initial velocity of the drivers is zero before they press the gas pedal. We could indeed say that the velocity of these cars changes over time at different points. As they approach the checkered flag, the best of these drivers reach their top velocity.
![race](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2SlSFjFngz1cNZo1zGupli/3b88b6eff78a224725902786485bc568/1000034.webp)
[Source ](https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-reveals-revised-race-start-times-for-2021-season-5333792/5333792/)

## INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY 
- The instantaneous velocity of an object, sometimes known as just __velocity__, is a statistic that tells us how quickly an object is going somewhere along its route. 
- It's the average velocity between two places on a path in the limit when the time (and thus the displacement)  between them reaches zero. 
- Clearly, the definition of __instantaneous velocity__ can be the rate at which a person's position changes over a short period of time (almost zero). 
- The SI unit of instantaneous velocity is __m/s__. 
The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is known as __instantaneous speed__. 
- Its value is identical to that of instantaneous velocity, but it has no direction.

## FORMULA OF INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
The formula of the instantaneous velocity is expressed mathematically by using the formula for the average velocity. 

__Average velocity (V) = x(t2) - x(t1) ( net displacement ) / t2 - t1 ( net time)__ 

In order to find the instantaneous velocity at an arbitrary position, we assume t1= t and t2= t+Δ t. After using these values in the formula of the average velocity, we take the limit as  
Δt →0  and find the expression of the instantaneous velocity 

![vel](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/iO9s7DuRwJCNgTCPD37tA/35dc338f32c6110993d1cb88540d3592/image_1_instantaneous_speed_and_velocity.jpg)
[Source](https://www.aakash.ac.in/important-concepts/physics/instantaneous-speed-and-velocity)

The slope of the distance-time graph, often known as the x-t graph, can also be used to determine it.

![graph](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/1gAgrFLSSqXfsQr8hDr4N7/2ecc114bff0a074b03ddcc23f07a560c/instantaneous-speed-clipart-16.jpg)
[Source](https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics-formulas/instantaneous-velocity-formula/) 

## EXAMPLE OF THE INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
An example of the instantaneous velocity can be 

If the object's displacement changes with time and therefore is given as (5t2+3t+4) m, the instantaneous velocity can be calculated at any time by:

s= (5t2+3t+4)
Velocity (v) = 10t+3 
So, if we need to calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 10 seconds, we'll plug the constant into the velocity expression.

Therefore the instantaneous velocity at t=10 s will be 103 m/s 
The displacement, in this case, will be 534 meters ( using the values of t in the given  expression ) 

And the average velocity will be 534/10= 53.4 m/s. 

## AVERAGE VS  INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY 
- It’s worth noting in the above example that the object had different average and instantaneous velocities. 
- The instantaneous velocity is the rate of change of position (or displacement) with respect to the time at a fixed place, whereas the average velocity is the rate of change of position over a period of time. 
- It’s only when the body will move at a constant velocity,  that the instantaneous velocity and the average velocity would be equal. 

# SUMMARY 
- The instantaneous velocity is the velocity of a moving item at a certain moment in time.
- Instantaneous velocity is a vector quantity. 
- v ( instantaneous) = limitΔt →0   ds/dt, where ds is net displacement, and dt is the net time.

## FAQs

__1. Write the expression for instantaneous velocity.__

The mathematical expression for the instantaneous velocity will be v ( instantaneous) = limit Δt →0 ds/dt, where ds is net displacement, and dt is the net time. 

__2. What do you understand about instantaneous velocity?__

The instantaneous velocity can be easily understood as the velocity of a moving item at a certain moment in time.

__3. How to calculate instantaneous velocity?__

The instantaneous velocity can be calculated using v ( instantaneous) = limit Δt →0   ds/dt, where ds is net displacement and dt is the net time. 

__4. When will the average velocity be equal to instantaneous velocity?__

In a motion where an object moves with constant velocity, the average and the instantaneous velocity will be equal. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Instantaneous Velocity!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE
1. Instantaneous Velocity: https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-physics-concepts-intermediate/r3/section/2.3/. Accessed 11th April 2022.
2. Instantaneous Velocity: https://www.ck12.org/search/?q=velocity%20&referrer=searchAccessed 11th April 2022.

The instantaneous velocity of an object is basically the average velocity by taking the limit (change in temperature)Δt →0.

 Instantaneous Velocity Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION
Rockets are strong machines that, by hurling us out of orbit with their enormous exhaust velocities, allow us to see and study space. The high exhaust velocity must accelerate the shuttle from zero to 8,000 meters per second (nearly 18,000 miles per hour) in eight minutes to achieve the threshold height required to orbit the Earth, which means that the rocket will go up by 16.6 minutes every second! Now the question that arises is, what is acceleration? 

![rocket](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/9L5jTTZGlQjIEuYnyhAGZ/b46e4a7d4bb3f3adfa0f66629cefd0cf/qTmvroik2NtHVGsfCHyyxF-970-80.jpg.webp)
[Source](https://www.space.com/how-rockets-work)

## ACCELERATION 

- Understanding acceleration’s meaning is important in our everyday lives, as well as in the wide expanses of space and the microscopic world of subatomic physics. 
- Accelerate is a verb that signifies "to speed up" in ordinary language, but in the language of physics, the rate of change of velocity is known as __acceleration__. 
- It is symbolized by the letter 'a', and the SI unit of acceleration is __m/s2__. 
- The formula for acceleration is __a = dv/ dt__, where dv is the change in velocity and t is the time elapsed. 
- The acceleration can be __positive, negative, or zero__ depending upon the velocity and its direction. 

- Acceleration in the line of velocity is referred to as __positive acceleration__.

- __Negative acceleration__ occurs when velocity is increased in the reverse direction.

The term "__zero acceleration__" refers to a body that is not accelerating; in this situation, the velocity of the body is constant.

## TYPES OF ACCELERATION 

Mainly uniform acceleration, non-uniform acceleration, and average acceleration are the three types of accelerated motions. 

- __Uniform acceleration:__ An object in uniform accelerated motion travels the same distance in the same amount of time, regardless of the length of time.

- __Non-uniform acceleration:__ Regardless of the time period length, a non-uniform accelerated motion item does not travel the very same distance in equal intervals of time.

## AVERAGE ACCELERATION 

The average acceleration during a certain interval is accompanied by a change in velocity for that period. The average acceleration, unlike acceleration, is measured for a certain interval. For a given interval of time, the average acceleration is denoted as 

__Av ( average acceleration ) = v-v0 / t2- t1__ , 

where v0 and v are the instantaneous velocities at time t2 and t1. 

# SUMMARY 
- The rate of change of velocity is known as acceleration.
- Uniform acceleration, non-uniform acceleration, and average acceleration are the three types of accelerated motions.
- Average acceleration is the change in the velocity of an object for a particular period.
- The average acceleration is denoted as 

__Av ( average acceleration ) = v-v0 / t2- t1__ , 
where v0 and v are the instantaneous velocities at time t2 and t1. 

## FAQs
__1. What is the difference between Acceleration and Velocity?__

The velocity of the object is defined as the quantity of motion normalized to time, whereas Acceleration is a vector quantity that describes how quickly an item's velocity changes.

__2. What is centripetal acceleration?__

The acceleration of an object traveling in a circular route is known as centripetal acceleration.

__3. What is tangential acceleration?__

Tangential acceleration is measured as the rate at which the tangential velocity of an object in a circular motion changes in magnitude.

__4. What is radial acceleration?__

Radial acceleration is defined as "the acceleration of the item all along the radius, aimed towards the center in a circular motion.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Average acceleration!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE
1. Average Acceleration: https://www.ck12.org/physics/average-acceleration/lesson/Average-Acceleration-PHYS/?referrer=concept_details Accessed 8th April 2022
2. What is Acceleration? https://byjus.com/physics/acceleration/Accessed 8th April 2022


Acceleration is much more complex than the everyday concept of speeding up as we mostly know it to be!

Average Acceleration Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION
What do you expect when you drop a feather and a brick at the same time? The answer is that they will all fall at the exact same time; though some objects, like feathers, seem to fall slower because of air resistance. In order to see the true nature of gravity affecting the feathers, you need to remove all the air in the room. The reason behind this is that in a vacuum, both will face equal acceleration due to gravity! 

![feather](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/20Qeo9XwbsGfoj096SwSa4/978ce03faf94031aa775ae152c20d242/00-top_m.jpg)[Source](https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20141105-feather-drop-biggest-vacuum-chamber/)

## ACCELERATION AND GRAVITY 

- The meaning of __acceleration__ is basically any process in which the velocity (which is a measure of speed and the direction of motion of a body) varies with time. 
- Mathematically represented as __dv/dt__ (change in velocity/time period), it is a __vector quantity__ and can be positive,  negative, or zero depending upon the __velocity and its direction__. 

- The meaning of __gravity__, on the other hand, is the force that pulls an object towards the center of the earth. 

- __F= mg__ is the gravitational force acting on a body, 

where __f__ is the force acting on a body,

__m__ is its mass,

and __g__ is the acceleration due to gravity. 

## ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

- The further an object descends forward towards the bottom, more gravity causes it to drop at a quicker and faster rate. 
- In practice, the __velocity of an object increases__ by 9.8 m/s2 ( the value of the acceleration due to the gravity on earth ). 
- Therefore an object's velocity is 9.8 m/s  1 second after it begins to fall. 
- Its velocity will further keep on increasing with time because of the __acceleration due to gravity__.  
- The SI unit of acceleration due to gravity is the same as that of the acceleration, __m/s2__. 

![gravity](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/5b3OD2tyDpjoW4DFfNYJoH/52ad9b3aacce559fa59566489d0ca47a/what-is-a-force-gauge-gravity-acceleration.png)
[Source](https://imada.com/what-is-a-force-gauge/)

The universal law of gravitation states that __f = GmM/(r+h)2__

Where 
__f__ denotes the force between two bodies

__G__ (6.6710-11 Nm2/kg2) is the universal gravitational constant

__m__ is the object's mass

__M__ is the earth's mass

__r__ is the earth's radius and

__h__ = the distance between the body and the earth's surface.

As the height would be very less when compared with the radius of the earth 

__f = GmM/r2__

On comparing both the equations, we get 

__g = GM/r2__, the formula for the acceleration due to gravity.

This enables us to comprehend the following:

- Gravity accelerates all bodies at the same rate, regardless of their mass.
- Its value on Earth is determined by the mass of the planet, not really the mass of the item.

# Summary 

- Acceleration is the process in which the velocity of a body varies with time. 
- Gravity is the force that pulls an object towards the center of the earth.
- The value of the acceleration due to the gravity on earth is 9.8 m/s2.
- g = GM/r2 is the equation used to calculate acceleration due to gravity.

## FAQs

__1. What is acceleration due to gravity independent of?__

Acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the body. 

__2. What is the unit of acceleration due to gravity?__

The SI unit of the acceleration due to gravity is the same as that of the acceleration, m/s2. 

__3. How do you calculate acceleration due to gravity?__

We can calculate acceleration due to gravity with the expression g = GM/r2.

__4. What is the equation for acceleration due to gravity?__

g = GM/r2 is the  equation used  for acceleration due to gravity

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Acceleration Due To Gravity!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE
1. Acceleration Due to Gravity: https://www.ck12.org/physics/acceleration-due-to-gravity/lesson/Acceleration-Due-to-Gravity-MS-PS/?referrer=concept_details. Accessed 8th April 2022.
2. Acceleration Due to Gravity: https://www.vedantu.com/iit-jee/acceleration-due-to-gravity Accessed 8th April 2022

All the bodies on the earth face a constant force and acceleration due to gravity. 


Acceleration Due To Gravity Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION
Many people are afraid of graphs and become uneasy when they have to use them. Position graphs are not terrifying creatures. They can be attractive, and they are an effective way to visually express a large quantity of information regarding an object's motion in a little space. Let's take a closer look at the position graphs and their characteristics.

## DEFINITION OF POSITION
- Definition of position can be stated as the location of an object at any given time. 
- We should be able to define the position of any item in order to explain its motion.
- The __position vs. time graph__, which lets us describe the motion of an object, is among the most basic types of graphs in mechanics. 
- In such graphs, the vertical axis represents the object's __location__, and the horizontal axis represents the __time spent__.  
- We can examine the __trajectory and position__ of the object exactly by interpreting a position-time graph.

![graph](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2wTmobtBUMWhTDU1HsjfHR/60741b460eddb2b76d35c13fb6cd9e28/position-time-graph-1.png)
[Source](https://physexams.com/lesson/position-vs-time-graph-examples-for-high-schools_48)

__Position-time graph__ represents the position x of a particle on the y-axis and the time t on the x-axis. Graphs in the x-y plane can be drawn by keeping the following in mind. 

- On the x-axis, always include an independent variable.
- On the y-axis, dependent variables must be represented.
- The dependent variable is reliant on the independent variable due to a mathematical function.

## SLOPE OF A POSITION TIME GRAPH 

- The __gradient__ of a position vs. time graph represents the velocity of the object. 
- As a result, the value of the slope at a given moment shows the object's __velocity at that moment__. 
- The speed is determined by the numeric values of the __tangent's slope__.

- Another thing to remember is that the __instantaneous velocity__ is determined by the slope of a position vs. time graph at a given point in time. 
- You may get the __average velocity__ between two distinctive points in time by computing the mean slope between them. 
- The average velocity does not have to match the instantaneous velocity. 
- If, on the other hand, the __slope remains constant__ over time, the instantaneous velocity equals the average velocity between two points.  

![grapjh](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6hzhxdlW2iwhwc6swWXxIw/da5050707a2816e3e0711ef94592b913/p_const_v.png)
[Source](https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/bodyphysics/chapter/graphing-skydiving-motion/)

- The graph above is an example of a position vs. time graph. 
- Here, the velocity of the object in motion from 0 to 5 seconds will be 5 √2 m/s. 
- In between the time frame of 5 to 10 seconds, the instantaneous velocity will be equal to the average velocity as the gradient here remains constant. 

# SUMMARY 

- Position can be defined as  the location of an object  at any given time
- A position vs time graph depicts motion by plotting position relative to the starting point on the y-axis and time on the x-axis.
- The velocity is represented by the gradient of a position vs time graph. The faster the motion changes, the steeper the slope.

## FAQs

__1. How do you graph a position vs. time graph?__

A position vs. time graph can be plotted by determining the time of the motion on the x-axis and the position on the y-axis. 

__2. Why is position vs. time graphs important?__

Position vs. time graphs is important as we can examine the trajectory and position of the object precisely using this. 

__3. What does the slope of position vs. time graph mean?__

The gradient/slope of a position vs. time graph represents the velocity of the object.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Position vs. Time Graph!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE
1. Position Time Graphs: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/2.8/primary/lesson/position-time-graphs-ms-ps/. Accessed 8th April 2022.
2. Position vs Time Graphs Examples: https://physexams.com/lesson/position-vs-time-graph-examples-for-high-schools_48Accessed 8th April 2022

A position vs time graph conveys where the object can be discovered after a period of time.


Position vs. Time Graph Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION
Have you ever thought why, despite the earth's rotation around the sun in a spherical orbit, you never feel any movement when on the planet? There is, after all, a logic to it. The uniform acceleration that occurs enables the movement that you cannot feel. Let’s learn about this in detail.

![earth](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/6n5rc0DOsKQbBe3UgYpMCi/36284ad658864b64970d1ffe32e96056/0_dJommwhqKfoXQiZS.jpg)
[Source](https://historyofyesterday.com/so-who-decided-that-the-earth-revolves-around-the-sun-536f9e4ad864) 

## DISPLACEMENT

- To understand an object's motion, we need to understand its position and the change in its position. 
- Definition of __displacement__ is the change in the position of an object. 
- The position of an object changes when it shifts relative to a __reference frame__. 
- Displacement is the term for this shift in position. 
- Examples of displacement can be - when a soccer ball moves to the right relative to a player or when a person moves toward the back of a car. 
- Also, a displacement per unit of time is the __velocity__ of the object in motion. 

## ACCELERATION 

- Any process in which the velocity varies is referred to as __acceleration__. 
- Because velocity is both a __speed and a direction__, you can only accelerate in one of two ways: alter your speed or modify your direction—or both. 
- Acceleration is a __vector__ quantity that is described as the rate of change in velocity. 
- The acceleration can be __positive, negative, or zero__ depending upon the velocity and its direction. 

## UNIFORM ACCELERATION 

![equa](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/24CxYbF3KYR4P857YpnkTp/7fab5c172550017eb697ec38539b0405/slide_2.jpg)
[Source](https://slideplayer.com/slide/9268115/)

- We're all aware of the concept of uniform motion: a body is said to be in uniform motion if it travels the __same distance in the same amount of time.__
- The meaning of uniform acceleration can be that when an object moves in a single direction and its net velocity changes with time remain __constant__. 
- A cycle running down a hill and a child tumbling down the slide are some of the common examples of uniform acceleration. 

The concept of displacement during uniform acceleration has three equations that relate the displacement with the other quantities in the uniform accelerated motion.

__s= ut+1/2 a t2__

__v= u+at__

__And, v2= u2+2as__ 

Where, 

v - The final Velocity

u - The initial Velocity 

a - Acceleration 

s - The displacement 

t - The time interval

# SUMMARY 

- Displacement is the change in position of an object
- The rate at which your velocity changes are called acceleration, and it is a vector quantity.
- A body is in uniform acceleration when it moves in a single direction, and its velocity does not change with time.

## FAQs

__1. How does acceleration affect displacement?__

Velocity is the rate at which displacement changes; it's just how quick and in which direction you're going. The rate at which your velocity changes is called acceleration.

__2. Does acceleration use displacement?__

Yes, Acceleration is directly related to velocity, which is the rate of change in displacement

__3.What happens during uniform acceleration?__

A body is in uniform acceleration when it moves in a single direction, and its velocity does not change with time. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about Displacement during __Uniform Acceleration!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCE
1. Displacement During Uniform Acceleration: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/2.6/primary/lesson/displacement-during-constant-acceleration-phys/. Accessed 8th April 2022.
2. Finding Velocity and Displacement From Acceleration: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/3-6-finding-velocity-and-displacement-from-acceleration/Accessed 8th April 2022.

The displacement of a free-falling body ( the height from which it is thrown)  is an ideal displacement during a uniform acceleration example. 

Displacement During Uniform Acceleration Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION 
”Where are you?" is a question we've all been asked because of our poor navigational skills. In how many different ways can this question be answered? 'I'm in front of the red truck,' might be an answer. One might even mention your coordinates on the planet if you want to be more specific. There are numerous methods for determining your location. Normally, position refers to the location or placement of someone or something, but let's look at the scientific definition of position. 

## DEFINITION OF POSITION
- __Position (x)__ can be defined as the location of an object at any given time. 
- We should be able to define the position x of any item in order to explain its motion. 
- To put it another way, we ought to identify its location in relation to the standard frame of reference. 
- The random set of dimensions wherein the position and motions of an item are represented is referred to as __a frame of reference__. 
- When describing the position of an object in relation to stationary objects on Earth, we frequently use __Earth__ as the point of reference. 
- An example for the position of an object may be where a soccer ball is in relation to the nearby player.  

![football](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2RObeDoXigZJJnB8OFPBHN/05d530ae9a9c8044524583e509a217f6/hhauvif8_tajikistan-football-afp_625x300_26_April_20.jpg)
 [Source](https://sports.ndtv.com/football/coronavirus-tajikistan-football-league-suspended-until-at-least-may-10-2218574)

## DISPLACEMENT 
- The definition of displacement is the __change in the position__ of an object. 
- The position of an object changes when it shifts relative to a reference frame. 
- Displacement is the term for this shift in position.  
- Examples of displacement can be - when a soccer ball moves to the right relative to a player or when a person moves toward the back of a car. 

![displacement](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2SOWs253cWPbav1nw5sYDO/276e14aabbdc29ab26cc17c41b3f304f/disp.gif)
[Source](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/posit.html)

## DISPLACEMENT FORMULA

The __shortest distance__ between the starting and final points is used to determine displacement, which favors straight-line paths over curved paths.

![dis](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/3T0SOiRiNziQm2ZHkA4iV8/01f376f530941feca8b679470b3117a9/displacement_1.jpg)
[Source](https://byjus.com/physics/distance-and-displacement/)

# SUMMARY 

- Position (x) can be defined as the location of an object at any given time.
- The random set of dimensions wherein the position and motions of an item are represented is referred to as a frame of reference. 
- Displacement is the change in the position of an object.

## FAQs

__1. What is the relationship between position and displacement__
? 
Position (x) can be defined as the location of an object at any given time, and displacement is the difference between two position vectors. 

__2. How do you find the displacement of a position function?__

The change in position of an object is called displacement. If the object moves from the position a(t1) to position a(t2) , then the displacement is a(t2) - a(t1) over the interval (ti , t2). 

__3. What are the similarities between position and displacement?__

Position (x) can be defined as the location of an object at any given time, and Displacement is the change in position of an object. Both of these are vector quantities and have to be measured from the frame of reference. 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Displacement And Position!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎* 

## REFERENCES
1. Position Formula: https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics-formulas/position-formula/. Accessed 8th April 2022.
2. Position and Displacement:  https://www.ck12.org/physics/position-and-displacement/lesson/position-and-displacement-ppc/#:~:text=Position%20is%20the%20location%20of,from%20one%20time%20to%20another. Accessed 8th April 2022.

The position and the displacement calculations are determined when you are aware of the location and the change of the location of an object. 


Position And Displacement Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION
We generally hear that now everyone wishes to pitch a baseball as fast as they can. In fact, we all idealise the famous rookie Aroldis Chapman for his 105.1 miles per hour fireball. But the term ‘fast’ here is a vague term for the physical concept of velocity. The maximum speed of a specific pitch at any moment from its release to the time it crosses home plate is represented as __velocity__, one of the most commonly utilized tools for evaluating pitchers.

![pitch](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/2E2ZfR5z4FlQ0YYacNAdpc/3b56750719fcad597bffd9445dd5e730/anthonydesclafani01-750x400.jpg)
[Source](https://www.redlegnation.com/2019/06/05/a-primer-on-perceived-pitch-velocity/)

## VELOCITY AND SPEED

The terms speed and velocity are commonly used interchangeably in everyday language to describe how __fast an object is moving__. 
Nevertheless, they are significantly different in physics. 
The magnitude of an object's velocity, regardless of direction, is called __speed__. 
__Velocity__ rather encompasses both speed and direction. Because it's a vector, it needs a magnitude and a direction.

## AVERAGE VELOCITY

- __Average velocity’s__ definition is the time duration of the object selected divided by the displacement in relation to the initial position. 
- To put it another way, it's the rate at which an object __moves over time__. 
- The SI unit of average velocity is similar to the average speed, in __meters per second__.  
- The average velocity's direction is the displacement's direction. 
- Even though the item's speed varies and its magnitude changes, the item's direction remains the same as that of the direction of displacement. 
- As displacement is less than or equivalent to the distance traveled, the quantity of average velocity is less than or equivalent to the average speed.

## AVERAGE VELOCITY FORMULA

![avg vel](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/4Ztxx5uzvDPbe6kyg20LSp/cdc98a35756a2a07f93131787d9b4d99/797717ff9878624b4616ea8760ba66bb.jpg)
[Source](https://brainly.in/question/35386973)

- The formulae for the average velocity and the average speed are the same ( described in the image), but the only variation is the type of physical measure, which is speed or velocity in this case. 
- Speed is a single-magnitude __scalar__ quantity. 
- Velocity, on the other hand, is a __vector__ quantity with both magnitude and direction. 
- The mathematical description of average velocity  can be 

__Average velocity (V) = x1 - x2 ( net displacement ) / t1 - t2 ( net time)__ 

An example of the average velocity can be 

In 5 hours, a truck driver travels 20 miles ( 32.18 KM)  down the road. He then changes direction and travels 12 miles ( 19.3 KM)  in 3 hours.  What's his average velocity?

We know v ( average velocity ) = net displacement / net time 
Therefore , v = (20- 12)/ (5 3 ) 
And finally, the average velocity will be 1 kilometer/hour.

# SUMMARY 

- The magnitude of an object's velocity, regardless of direction, is called speed, and Velocity encompasses both speed and direction.
- Average velocity’s definition is the time duration of the object selected divided by the displacement in relation to the initial position.
- The formula for the average velocity  and the average speed are same 
__Average velocity (V) = x1 - x2 ( net displacement ) / t1 - t2 ( net time)__ 

## FAQs 

__1. When is the average velocity zero?__

The average velocity will be zero in all the cases where the net displacement would be zero. 

__2. Can average velocity be zero?__

Yes, when the net displacement is zero, the average velocity would be zero.

__3. Is Average velocity a vector or a scalar?__

Just like velocity, the average velocity has a direction and therefore is a vector quantity. 

__4. How to calculate average velocity?__ 

Average velocity can be calculated using the formula. 
Average velocity (V) = x1 - x2 ( net displacement ) / t1 - t2 ( net time) 

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Average Velocity!__  Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎*

## REFERENCE
1. Average Velocity:https://www.vedantu.com/physics/average-velocity Accessed 8th April


Finding average velocity is similar to finding average speed, and it's the rate at which an object moves over time. 

 Average Velocity Study Guide

# INTRODUCTION
We've all admired the concept of tossing an object from a great height and seeing it speed up till it lands. This crazy conduct by us incorporates a number of physical science principles. The object we toss falls effectively free, and despite the air resistance it encounters, it accelerates the entire way down. Let's look at the concept of constant acceleration in more detail.

## ACCELERATION AND ITS TYPES 

Any process in which the velocity varies is referred to as acceleration. Because velocity is both a speed and a direction, you can only accelerate in one of two ways: alter your speed or modify your direction—or both. Acceleration is a vector quantity that is described as the rate of change in velocity. The acceleration can be positive,  negative, or zero depending upon the velocity and its direction. 

Mainly __Uniform acceleration, non-uniform acceleration, and average acceleration__ are the three types of accelerated motions. 

Regardless of the time period length, a non-uniform accelerated motion item does not travel the very same distance in equal intervals of time.

The average acceleration during a certain interval is accompanied by a change in velocity for that period.

## UNIFORM ACCELERATION 

We're all aware of the concept of uniform motion: a body is said to be in uniform motion if it travels the same distance in the same amount of time. Now, uniformly accelerated motion means that an object or a body possesses __constant acceleration. __

In other words, __uniform acceleration’s__ definition can be when an object moves in a single direction and its velocity changes with time or intervals and remains constant. A ball moving down a hill and a child tumbling down the slide are some of the common uniform acceleration examples.

There are three equations of uniformly accelerated motion that can be used are

- __s= ut+1/2 a t2__ 

- __v= u+at__

- And, __v2= u2+2as__ 

Where, 

v - The final Velocity

u - The initial Velocity

a - Acceleration

s - The distance

t - The time interval

The velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration will be as-. 

![graph](//images.ctfassets.net/4yflszkpcwkt/363ilBjkhS5x6za0VCmcve/de5d747ce259c2e58e8b10a08385be5e/1c60e711-9177-46ef-8804-64c475776bea8495734169819142062.png)
[Source](https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/draw-a-velocitytime-graph-for-a-uniform-class-12-physics-cbse-5fd1107883cb9806759868d6)

# Summary 

- Any process in which the velocity varies is referred to as acceleration.
- Mainly,  Uniform acceleration, non-uniform acceleration, and average acceleration are the three types of accelerated motions. 
- The term uniform acceleration refers to a motion wherein an object travels in a straight line with an increase in velocity at equal intervals of time.

## FAQs

__1. When will you say a body is in uniform acceleration?__

A body is in uniform acceleration when it moves in a single direction, and its velocity does not change with time. 

__2. What is the velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration?__

During uniform accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph is a straight line.

__3. What is uniformly accelerated motion?__

The term uniform acceleration refers to a motion wherein an object travels in a straight line with an increase in velocity at equal intervals of time.

*We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about __Uniform Acceleration!__ Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! Don't forget to download our App to experience our fun VR classrooms - we promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎*

## REFERENCE
1. Uniform Acceleration: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/2.5/primary/lesson/uniform-acceleration-phys/. Accessed 8th April 2022
2. What is Acceleration? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/acceleration-tutorial/a/acceleration-article Accessed 8th April 2022

How could motion with constant acceleration proceed? 

Uniform Acceleration Study Guide

TL; DR Instantaneous Velocity

TL; DR Position and Displacement

TL; DR Average Velocity

Everything in the universe moves - be it at a snail pace or at the speed of Usain Bolt's sprint. Motion is the area of physics that studies how things move! So let's get to know all about it.