Mammals Classification Study Guide

Taxonomy of Mammals

Mammals belong to the class Mammalia which is the phylum Chordata in the kingdom Animalia. There are 6,495 different mammal species divided into 125 families and 28 orders based on their distinct characteristic features.

An animal is considered a mammal if it can produce milk. Other distinct taxonomic features that separate mammals from other classes of animals are hair or fur, a middle ear with 3 bones, single-boned lower jaws, one-time tooth replacement, an advanced diaphragm, and four-chambered heart, among others.

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Classes of Mammals

Though mammals belong to one class, they can be divided into three main categories: Prototheria, Metatheria, and Eutheria, each of which is divided into a variety of orders.

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Prototheria

Prototheria contains only one order:

• Monotremata (example: platypuses and echidnas).

Metatheria

Metatheria contains the following orders:

• Dasyuromorphia (example: quolls and dunnarts).
• Peramelemorphia (example: bandicoots).
• Diprotodontia (example: kangaroos and koalas).
• Notoryctemorphia (example: marsupial moles)
• Didelphimorphia (example: opossums).
• Paucituberculata (example: the shrew opossum).
• Microbiotheria (example: Monito del Monte)

Eutheria

Eutheria consists of the following orders:

• Artiodactyla (example: hippos, camels, moose, deer, and bison).
• Carnivora (example: canines, felines, bears, raccoons, and seals).
• Cetacea (example: dolphins, porpoises, and whales).
• Chiroptera (example: bats).
• Dermoptera (example: colugos).
• Hyracoidea (example: hyraxes).
• Insectivora (example: shrews, moles, hedgehogs).
• Lagomorpha (example: rabbits, hares, and pikas).
• Macroscelidea (example: elephant shrews).
• Perissodactyla (example: horses, rhinoceroses and zebras).
• Pholidota (example: pangolins).
• Primates (example: marmosets, monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans).
• Rodentia (example: beavers, mice, squirrels, and chipmunks ).
• Scandentia (example: tree shrews).
• Sirenia (example: dugongs and manatees).
• Tubulidentata (example: aardvarks).
• Xenartha (sloths, armadillos, true anteaters).

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Reproduction in Mammals

Mammals are separated into three main groups based on how they reproduce: monotremes, marsupials, and placentals mammals.

Monotremes

Monotremes lay telolecithal eggs (meaning they have a yolk) enclosed within shells, as is also seen with birds and reptiles. The eggs hatch and the emerging young ones depend on the parents to feed them, help them fly, and take care of them.

Marsupials

In Marsupials, the uterine wall is not differentiated for the fertilized embryos to be implanted. The developing fetus migrates through the vagina to the breasts for nutrition and resides in a pouch called the “Marsupium” until it is completely developed.

The marsupium may either be single (like the ones seen in kangaroos) or compartmented (like the brush-tailed possums, which have a teat in each compartment). Offspring are carried for different periods in different animals, for example ten months in kangaroos, eight months in koalas, and thirteen to fourteen weeks in the North American possum.

Placental Mammals

Placental mammals produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone through an interaction between the pituitary gland and the female reproductive ovaries, which leads to the menstrual cycle. The eggs or ova are produced and fertilized by sperm from their male counterparts, with whom they mate during copulation or coitus.

Once fertilized, the egg is embedded within the endometrium where it matures and grows with the help of nourishment received through the placenta (hence, placental).

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Conclusion

• Mammals belong to the class mammalia and are divided into three major groups: prototheria, metatheria, and eutheria.

• Distinct features of mammals include mammary glands, a middle ear with 3 bones, hair or fur, single-boned lower jaws, one-time tooth replacement, an advanced diaphragm, and a four-chambered heart, among others.

• Based on how their babies develop, mammals can be divided into three groups: placental mammals, monotremes, and marsupials.

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FAQs

1. What are the three categories of mammals based on reproduction?

• Placental mammals, monotremes, and marsupials.

2. What is an example of a marsupial?

• Kangaroo, koala, opossums, wombats, etc.

3. To what kingdom, phylum, and class do mammals belong?

• The kindom animalia, the phylum, chordata, and the class mammalia.

4. What are the three major groups of mammals?

• Prototheria, metatheria, and eutheria.

6. What are 5 examples of mammals?

• Lions, dogs, cats, squirrels, monkeys, dolphins, etc.

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Sources

1. List of Mammalian Orders http://museum2.utep.edu/mammalogy/mammallist.htm Accessed on 6 Dec2021

2. mammal https://www.britannica.com/animal/mammal Accessed on 6 Dec2021

3. Mammals – Classification https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/12.33/primary/lesson/mammal-classification-bio/ Accessed on 6 Dec 2021

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