Introduction Sodium potassium pump, also called Na / K pump or Na / K ATPase is a protein pump found in the cell membrane of neurons. It transports sodium and potassium ions through the cell membrane at a ratio of 3 sodium ions for every two introduced potassium ions. Pumps help stabilize membrane potentials and…
Introduction When we look at the world population, we notice that every individual has a unique physical structure and behavioral pattern. If we move away from individuals and go by a blanket categorization, we will find that people have varying skin colors depending on the climatic conditions, among other shared traits. Ancestry can dictate certain…
Introduction Chromosomes consist of a strand of DNA wrapped around a protein called histones and segregated in two halves by a centromere. Chromosomes carry important genetic information and if this information is incorrect, it can give rise to a lot of illnesses that are characterised as genetic disorders. Genes carry all the unique genetic information…
Introduction The iconic Mendelian laws, which are also known as Mendelian genetics, were proposed by the biologist, mathematician, and meteorologist Gregor Johann Mendel. Though they first came into the light in 1865 and 1866, Mendelian laws are still widely applied and play a vital role in genetics today. What are Mendelian Genetics? Mendelian Genetics were…
Introduction: Genes carry the trait information in an individual that determines the activity and physical features. Chromosomes are present within the nucleus of the cell in a condensed form, and they are made of DNA and proteins. There are only 23 pairs of chromosomes present in each cell. However, the number of genes present in…
Introduction Mendel performed garden pea hybridization experiments between 1856 and 1863. During that time, he selected several specific pea traits. He performed cross-pollination/artificial pollination in true breeding pea plant lines that had stable trait inheritance and were self-pollinating continuously. Mendel used a pea plant as a test subject and looked for seven distinct features in…
Introduction Mutations are defined as permanent changes that take place in the DNA sequence of any living organism. Changes occur in the arrangement of the four base pairs, namely A, T, G, and C. Most cells can potentially recognize a mutation and repair it before it gets fixed. Often mutations are harmless, unless they result…
Youtube Guide: Lesson Objectives: Understand the properties and functions of DNA Learn about the packaging of the DNA helix Understand the differences between the two major different types of DNA DNA: DNA was first identified in the late 1860s by Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher. Cambridge University scientists James Watson and Francis Crick studied and understood the…
Introduction: Reproduction, without any doubt, is termed necessary for the survival of a species. It is a basic fundamental living feature and a biological process through which parents develop offspring. Organisms exist due to reproduction, which can be divided into sexual and asexual reproduction. Each comes with unique features, specifications, and advantages. Vertebrates, like humans,…
Key Points The cell spends most of its life in interphase preparing for mitosis. Mitosis is the process of splitting a cell into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis is after mitosis when the cell actually splits. The Life of a Cell A cell spends most of its life growing and replicating its DNA. This phase called…